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1、<p> 2100單詞,12500英文字符,3400漢字</p><p> 文獻出處: Jones R, Suoranta M, Rowley J. Strategic network marketing in technology SMEs [J]. Journal of Marketing Management, 2013, 29(5-6): 671-69.</p><p&g
2、t; http://www.wenku1.com/news/3AB52369EAB7EFB7.html</p><p><b> 原文</b></p><p> Strategic network marketing in technology SMEs</p><p> Rosalind Jones, Mari Suoranta, J
3、ennifer Rowley</p><p><b> Abstract</b></p><p> This study seeks to explore strategic networks from an entrepreneurial marketing and value creation perspective in the business-to-bu
4、siness (B2B) context to ascertain the value generated by strategic groups of network actors. This area has received little research investigation, despite the importance of network marketing in small-to-medium-sized ente
5、rprises (SMEs). The Strategic Network Marketing Model (SNMM) is generated from the study which presents a typology of six network types, together w</p><p> Keywords: networks; relationships; innovation; ent
6、repreneurial marketing; business-to-business; value creation; technology SMEs</p><p> Introduction</p><p> This paper responds to the need for enhanced understanding of the value of networks i
7、n marketing in small-to-medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in business-to-business (B2B) contexts. Networks, in the form of, for example, social networks and supply-chain or business networks are widely acknowledged as impo
8、rtant precursors to business success and growth (Håkansson & Snehota, 1995; Morgan & Hunt, 1994). This reported study sits at the interface between networking, marketing, and entrepreneurship, ac</p>
9、<p> Despite the research interest in networks and their value creation potential, previous research and theory development into the nature or types of such networks, their role in marketing, and their specific val
10、ue-creating opportunities is limited. Such research tends to focus on one specific type of network such as supply-chain relationships (e.g. Lambert & Cooper, 2000; Lamprinopoulou & Tregear, 2011), entrepreneurial
11、 and SME networks (Gilmore, 2011; Shaw, 2006), and innovation networks (Lippari</p><p> This paper, then, seeks to make a contribution to B2B marketing theory, in general, and entrepreneurial marketing theo
12、ry, more specifically, by a two-country study (the UK and the United States) that gathers insights regarding software technology SMEs and their network marketing approaches. More specifically, the objectives of this stud
13、y are to identify and generate a typology of the range of different types of networks in which software technology SMEs engage; offer insights into the value crea</p><p> The paper commences with a literatu
14、re review that summarises previous research relating to marketing in technology industries, and entrepreneurial networks and relationships. Next, the research design and methodology, including the selection of participan
15、ts, and the interview process are discussed. The findings offer insights into each of the types of networks illustrating the opportunities and value that they provide. The discussion and conclusion section explains the S
16、trategic Network Marketin</p><p> Literature review</p><p> The network approach to the study of industrial or B2B markets has a long history which predates notions of relationship marketing (
17、Mattsson, 1997). Networks are recognised as being important to the strategic success of businesses in B2B marketplaces (Håkansson & Snehota, 1995). Mattsson (1997) identifies two distinct but interrelated stream
18、s of research on network marketing: relationship marketing and the ?markets-as-networks? approach. Relationship marketing focuses on the management of custom</p><p> Although early definitions of networks t
19、ended to privilege the network relationships in the supply chain or the marketplace, more recent definitions embrace a range of activities and competencies. For example, Elg (2002) suggests that ?a network can be viewed
20、as a set of firms that coordinate their activities to fulfil different roles and add different competencies? (p. 634). Such inter-firm networks and relationships are often regarded as a basis for success in a more global
21、, uncertain, and com</p><p> Research linking marketing and networks tends to focus on one type of network, such as those in the supply chain (e.g. Ellis & Mayer, 2001), internal networks (e.g. Ballanty
22、ne, 1997), innovation networks (e.g. Corsaro, Ramos, Heneberg, & Naude, 2012), and social networks (e.g. Ali, 2011). In terms of understanding the range of types of networks that firms may engage in and with whom, tw
23、o key models offer inspiration. First, the Six Markets Model proposed by Payne, Ballantyne, and Christopher (20</p><p> Zolkiewski (2011) notes that value is a persistent undercurrent in B2B relationship an
24、d network research, with discussion of customer and supplier value, as well as relationship value being ongoing themes of research. Furthermore, what can be seen within this research stream is that value is usually only
25、investigated from the perspective of one particular actor. The work on value from a network perspective (e.g. Möller, Rajala, & Svahn, 2005) has been written from the role of relationships and n</p><p
26、> Granovetter, in 1985, highlighted the significance of network embeddedness, arguing that the behaviour of individuals is closely embedded in networks of interpersonal relations. The Uppsalla school of researchers e
27、xtended the term to cover the set of industrial and social network relationships of relevance to the firm (Lundgren, 1992). Yli-Renko and Autio (1998) explored network embeddedness in the context of new technology firms
28、based on synergistic value-creating systems, which develop the fir</p><p> Entrepreneurial marketing, entrepreneurship, and SME marketing researchers have identified a range of network types, which include
29、business networks, social networks, and industry and marketing networks (Aldrich & Zimmer, 1986; Carson, Cromie, McGowan, & Hill, 1995; Gilmore, Carson, & Grant, 2001; Hill, 2001; Shaw, 2006). Networks are im
30、portant to small firms because they lack business capabilities and capacity due to their small size, and, in particular, face challenges in marketing.</p><p> Carson (1985) suggests that SMEs are challenged
31、 by three groups of specific marketing constraints: limited resources (i.e. a lack of marketing knowledge and time), a lack of specialist expertise (as managers and entrepreneurs in SMEs tend to be generalists rather tha
32、n specialists), and a limited impact in the marketplace (as SMEs have fewer orders and fewer employees than larger companies). However, there is a wide body of evidence which suggests that entrepreneurs are adept at over
33、coming some o</p><p> Hence, there is recognition that the building of effective networks (Carson et al., 1995; Lindman, 2004; Storey, 1994) is a key feature of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial marketin
34、g (Collinson & Shaw, 2001), with the use of social networks as informal and social linkages which provide a higher and more stable flow of information and resources than formalised business network approaches (Premar
35、atne, 2001; Shaw, 2006). In addition, Stokes (2000) suggests that SME owner managers tend to develop</p><p> Despite this wealth of research on the use of networks by SMEs, studies that take a more holistic
36、 perspective on the relationship between marketing and networking in SMEs are scarce. Only a few studies discuss the actual value accruing from networks. For example, O?Reilly and Haines (2004) suggest that in marketing
37、quality products, networks enhance product promotion, quality assurance, and access to information, and Carson et al. (2004) examine the ?usage dimension? in which they consider outco</p><p> There is recog
38、nition that technology SMEs stimulate economic growth, and this has spawned a range of research on topics associated with innovation, including new product development and business performance (Helander & Ulkuniemi,
39、2006; Im & Workman, 2004; Narver, Slater, & Maclachlan, 2004; Salavou & Lioukas, 2003; Verhees & Meulenberg, 2004). A study by Westerlund and Svahn (2008) carried out qualitative research of software tech
40、nology SMEs from a social capital, interorganisational networks, a</p><p><b> 譯文</b></p><p> 中小企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略網(wǎng)絡營銷技術</p><p> Rosalind Jones,格林多大學,英國</p><p> Mari S
41、uoranta,于韋斯屈萊大學,芬蘭</p><p> Jennifer Rowley,曼徹斯特城市大學,英國</p><p><b> 摘要</b></p><p> 本研究旨在探討創(chuàng)業(yè)營銷的戰(zhàn)略網(wǎng)絡,從企業(yè)對企業(yè)(B2B)的創(chuàng)業(yè)營銷和價值創(chuàng)造的角度,進一步確定網(wǎng)絡參與者的戰(zhàn)略集團所產(chǎn)生的價值。盡管中小企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡營銷具有重要性,但對于這個
42、領域的研究調(diào)查明顯是不足的。戰(zhàn)略網(wǎng)絡營銷模式(SNMM),從六網(wǎng)絡類型的類型學及其相關價值創(chuàng)造的研究中產(chǎn)生。類型學和關注機會產(chǎn)生于的網(wǎng)絡小說類型。我們對位于英國和美國兩個技術集群地區(qū)的12家軟件中小企業(yè)進行了定點訪問。這次訪問的主題分析數(shù)據(jù)涵蓋了六個戰(zhàn)略網(wǎng)絡;公司產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)部、社會媒體、客戶、業(yè)務、創(chuàng)新及營銷和銷售網(wǎng)絡利用額外的資源,為公司創(chuàng)造價值。受訪者的言論為每個網(wǎng)絡的戰(zhàn)略過程和價值創(chuàng)造提供了證據(jù)。這種網(wǎng)絡類型是對戰(zhàn)略網(wǎng)絡營銷模式的總結
43、。對實踐與理論的進一步研究具有一定的啟示與借鑒意義。</p><p> 關鍵詞:網(wǎng)絡;關系;創(chuàng)新;創(chuàng)業(yè)營銷;企業(yè)對企業(yè)電子商務;價值創(chuàng)造;技術型中小企業(yè)</p><p><b> 引言</b></p><p> 本文對中小型企業(yè)中企業(yè)對企業(yè)電子商務模式的網(wǎng)絡營銷價值做出了回應。網(wǎng)絡的形式,例如,社交網(wǎng)絡和供應鏈或商業(yè)網(wǎng)絡被廣泛認為是企業(yè)成
44、功與發(fā)展的重要預兆(哈克遜&斯涅何塔,1995;摩根 &亨特 ,1994)。研究顯示,網(wǎng)絡,營銷和創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的相互聯(lián)系,確認兩個相關且關鍵的研究分別是:與客戶關系營銷或網(wǎng)絡市場營銷方法相聯(lián)系的(馬特松,1997)。因此,這項研究是從營銷角度加以解讀(漢森 & 艾格思,2010),作為本研究的理論基礎是企業(yè)營銷理論,一個新興的研究領域,正在成為一個實質(zhì)性的學派(希爾斯, 赫爾特曼, & 米萊, 2008; 克
45、勞斯, 菲爾色, 艾格思, 希爾斯, & 赫爾特曼, 2012)。</p><p> 盡管這項研究關注的是網(wǎng)絡和他們的價值創(chuàng)造潛力,前期研究和理論發(fā)展成這種網(wǎng)絡的性質(zhì)或類型,他們在市場營銷中的作用與具體的價值創(chuàng)造機會是有限的。這樣的研究往往集中于一個特定類型的網(wǎng)絡中,如供應鏈關系(例如藍比特& 庫伯, 2000; 蘭唔普 & 特里蓋爾, 2011),創(chuàng)業(yè)和中小企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(吉爾莫, 2011
46、; 索肖, 2006),創(chuàng)新網(wǎng)絡(里普瑞 &索布雷羅, 1994; 希佩爾, 2007)。只有馬拉卡、色特曼(2011)專門識別存在于網(wǎng)絡中的不同類型的業(yè)務關系,在企業(yè)對企業(yè)的電子商務模式的背景下中小企業(yè)品牌。此外,許多對網(wǎng)絡的研究重點是結構性維度(如網(wǎng)絡鏈接、大小、密度、穩(wěn)定性、多樣性),或關系維度(如信任、承諾和合作)。關于網(wǎng)絡的價值,網(wǎng)絡作為“價值星叢”的概念尤其有益(比爾科 &賀德曼,2002)。幾項研究表明,在
47、創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)與中小企業(yè)的營銷過程中,網(wǎng)絡創(chuàng)造機會的價值已得到認可(卡爾森,吉爾莫 & 洛克斯,,2004;雷利 & 海恩斯,2004;洛克斯,吉爾莫 & 卡爾森,2005;韋斯特隆德 &薩哈,2008),但是,還有相當大的空間去對企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡營銷方法和具體價值創(chuàng)造進行下一步研究。</p><p> 本文試圖對企業(yè)對企業(yè)的電子商務模式營銷理論和創(chuàng)業(yè)營銷理論作出相關探討,具體來說,通過對兩個
48、國家的對比研究(英國和美國),對軟件技術中小企業(yè)及其網(wǎng)絡營銷方法作出相關探討。更具體地說,本研究的目標是識別和生成網(wǎng)絡軟件技術中小企業(yè)參與不同類型網(wǎng)絡范圍的的類型學,提供每個網(wǎng)絡類型的價值創(chuàng)造機會,并提出軟件技術型中小企業(yè)運營中網(wǎng)絡營銷戰(zhàn)略模型。</p><p> 本文首先概括了技術產(chǎn)業(yè)市場營銷、創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡營銷及其關系的相關理論基礎。其次,研究思路與方法,包括參與者的選擇,探討面談過程。研究結果為每個類型的網(wǎng)
49、絡提供了相關見解,并進一步證實了他們創(chuàng)造的價值與機會。討論和結論部分解釋了網(wǎng)絡營銷戰(zhàn)略模式(SNMM),概述了本研究的理論和實踐意義,并為接下來的研究提供了建議。</p><p><b> 文獻綜述</b></p><p> 網(wǎng)絡組織理論對于工業(yè)或企業(yè)對企業(yè)的電子商務模式市場的研究有著悠久的歷史,它先于關系營銷的概念(馬特松, 1997)。在企業(yè)對企業(yè)的電子商務模
50、式營銷市場,網(wǎng)絡被認為是企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略成功的重要因素(哈克遜 &斯涅何塔,1995)。馬特松 (1997)界定了兩個截然不同但相關的網(wǎng)絡營銷研究:關系營銷和“網(wǎng)絡市場營銷”方法。關系營銷關注的是對于客戶的管理以及其他關系交流(Morgan & Hunt ,1994)。格魯諾斯(1996)的觀點是,營銷關注的問題公司市場關系的管理,而巴蘭坦(1997)將關系營銷看做是關注創(chuàng)新、發(fā)展和維持當事人之間交流的價值?!熬W(wǎng)絡市場營銷”方法
51、是從另一個角度對其進行解釋,其焦點是控制資源生產(chǎn)的關聯(lián)交易人員之間的關系,這將導致他們早期專注于購買與銷售。這種方法承認個人、關聯(lián)關系形成的網(wǎng)絡結構(馬特松, 1997)。莫特和漢恩(1999)表明,傳統(tǒng)市場正在被網(wǎng)絡所取代,公司需要重點關注客戶和供應商之間的關系,開發(fā)錯綜復雜的企業(yè)網(wǎng)站,包括產(chǎn)品研究與開發(fā)的網(wǎng)絡和競爭性聯(lián)盟的開發(fā)。</p><p> 雖然早期對于網(wǎng)絡的定義傾向于,特殊處理供應鏈或市場的網(wǎng)絡關系
52、,當前,我們將其定義為擁有一些的活力與能力。例如,Elg(2002)表明,網(wǎng)絡可以被視為一組公司,其能對市場活動進行調(diào)整,以實現(xiàn)不同的角色和掌握不同的技能。這樣的公司間網(wǎng)絡與關系往往被視為,在一個逐漸全球化、具有不確定性、競爭激烈的環(huán)境中成功的基礎(安德森, 漢德森, & 約翰生, 1994; 摩根 &亨特, 1994)。</p><p> 對網(wǎng)絡營銷的研究往往應將注意力集中于某一種類型網(wǎng)絡的研
53、究上,如供應鏈(埃利斯& 邁爾, 2001),內(nèi)部網(wǎng)絡(例如巴蘭坦, 1997),創(chuàng)新網(wǎng)絡(例如科爾薩羅, 拉莫斯, 韓柏根, &納德, 2012),以及社交網(wǎng)絡(例如Ali, 2011)。根據(jù)對網(wǎng)絡類型范圍(公司不得從事和與誰)的理解,兩個關鍵模型能提供靈感。首先,佩恩提出六個市場模型,巴蘭坦和克里斯托弗(2005)提出,利益相關者關系規(guī)劃模型,其認為:組織需要與以下六個市場建立關系:客戶、推薦人、供應商、影響者、招聘
54、人員和內(nèi)部組織。第二,強化營銷策略知識是“星叢價值”的概念。“星叢價值”的價值創(chuàng)造系統(tǒng)里聚焦了行動者創(chuàng)造價值的方式,即通過一個特定的或綜合的方式來配置他們投資組合的直接業(yè)務關系,最終達到價值共同創(chuàng)造或資源的組合與創(chuàng)新的目的(比爾克&賀德曼, 2002; 莫爾 & 瑞拉, 2007)。</p><p> 對于創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)營銷、創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)家精神和中小企業(yè)市場營銷的研究,研究人員已經(jīng)確定了一系列的網(wǎng)絡類型,
55、包括商業(yè)網(wǎng)絡、社會網(wǎng)絡、行業(yè)和營銷網(wǎng)絡(Aldrich & Zimmer, 1986; Carson, Cromie, McGowan, & Hill, 1995; Gilmore, Carson, & Grant, 2001; Hill, 2001; Shaw, 2006)。網(wǎng)絡對于小公司來說是至關重要的,因為他們規(guī)模小而缺乏業(yè)務能力,尤其是在市場營銷中面臨著挑戰(zhàn)??ㄉ?1985)表明,中小企業(yè)在營銷市場上面臨
56、的三組挑戰(zhàn)分別是:有限的資源(即缺乏營銷知識和時間),缺乏專業(yè)知識(如中小企業(yè)管理者和企業(yè)家的往往是多面手,而不是專家),市場上影響力有限(中小企業(yè)相對于大公司來說,他們的訂單和員工較少)。然而,有大量的證據(jù)表明,企業(yè)家們常常善于通過利用手中的網(wǎng)絡資源來克服中小企業(yè)中的資源約束((Hill, McGowan, & Drummond, 1999; Jarillo, 1989; O?Donnell & Cummins, 19
57、99; Stevenson, Roberts, & Grousbe</p><p> 因此,人們認識到,建立有效的網(wǎng)絡(卡爾森 et al .,1995;林德曼,2004;斯托里,1994)是企業(yè)家精神和企業(yè)營銷的一個關鍵特征(科林森 & 索肖,2001),將社交網(wǎng)絡作為非正式聯(lián)系的手段,比正式的商業(yè)網(wǎng)絡方法能提供更高和更穩(wěn)定的信息和資源(皮瑞爾, 2001; 肖恩, 2006)。此外,斯托克斯
58、(2000)表明,中小企業(yè)所有者經(jīng)理傾向于與其客戶建立親密聯(lián)系,在價值創(chuàng)造的過程中,客戶自然就成了價值共創(chuàng)者(普哈拉 & 拉瑪斯瓦米, 2004),這樣一來,便能很容易建立起客戶忠誠度(雷克海,2003),實現(xiàn)管理顧客的期望目標(格魯斯& 戴伊,1999)。哈利跟, 拉姆西 和依波森(2010)最近有個重要的研究突破,通過識別關鍵因素有助于中小企業(yè)間相互關系的建立,能加強中小企業(yè)活動中的市場營銷與電子客戶關系營銷(e-C
59、RM)。他們看到,電子客戶關系營銷(e-CRM)能進一步為中小企業(yè)提供認可客戶溝通能力的機會。</p><p> 盡管對于中小企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡營銷的研究如此豐富,研究還需要擁有一個更為全面的視角,來進一步分析中小企業(yè)之間網(wǎng)絡與營銷的關系。只有少數(shù)研究討論網(wǎng)絡的實際價值。例如,O?賴利和海恩斯(2004)對營銷產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量做出探討,認為利用網(wǎng)絡加強產(chǎn)品推廣、質(zhì)量保證,獲取有效信息;卡爾森 等人(2004)對“使用維度”進行調(diào)
60、查,他們認為,調(diào)查受網(wǎng)絡影響的市場營銷活動的結果或價值創(chuàng)造。其他的相關研究在于探討產(chǎn)品的作用、產(chǎn)品優(yōu)勢、市場導向對組織績效的影響(O '德懷爾 & 拉迪斯,2008);市場定位的作用、創(chuàng)業(yè)方向和新生物技術公司的創(chuàng)新(瑞克、卡瑞德 & 布萊克,2009);中小企業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)營銷軟件技術(瓊斯 & 羅莉,2011);以及創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)的作用、社會網(wǎng)絡關系與國際化機會的開發(fā) (維特拉絲 & 莫麗申,2011)。&l
61、t;/p><p> 我們認識到,技術型中小企業(yè)能刺激經(jīng)濟增長,并催生了一系列關于相關主題的研究與創(chuàng)新,包括新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)和經(jīng)營業(yè)績(韓德爾 & 瑞科密,2006;Im & 沃克曼, 2004; 那瑞爾, 斯萊特, & 麥克蘭, 2004; 薩拉 & 利爾斯, 2003; 維切斯& 夢拉特, 2004)。韋斯特隆德和森哈(2008)對軟件技術中小企業(yè)的社會資本、組織間的網(wǎng)絡與價值
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