1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　Digital Meter for Measuring Rotational Speed</p><p>　　Abstract A digital meter for measuring the rotational speed is introduced in this paper. It is c

2、ontrolled by an MCS-51 series single-chip microcomputer 8032. It contains the following features: rational design, high accuracy, wide measurability range and powerful function and dependability. Moreover, it is very nim

3、ble and convenient to use. The work principle is presented in detail in the paper and the block diagram and program flowchart are given as well.</p><p>　　Key works: digital measuring apparatus; rotation spee

4、d; single-chip micro-computer</p><p>　　The rotor speed control system of industry is one of the important parameters. Mechanical tachometer measuring speed, the rotor contact with the measured object must be

5、 to get the synchronous speed, through the internal gear shift instruction after the pointer speed with the size of the header. Use of mechanical tachometer measured object can interfere with movement, especially when me

6、asured rotor mass is very small, speed tables on the rotor pressure is not a small additional load, which affect</p><p>　　1 speed measuring principle </p><p>　　The gun speed-sensitive devices wi

7、th infrared sensors, launched by the specialized infrared detection devices, while receiving reflected back from the measured object infrared, photoelectric conversion into electrical pulses through the signal, does not

8、affect the rotation of the object. Tubes and pipes are fixed in the detection of acceptable shelf, through the lens focus, semi-transparent film not only to the reflected infrared light fired rotating objects, they can r

9、otate the object by the re</p><p>　　Photovoltaic conversion shown in Figure In the optical triode 3DU5C adding an appropriate bias, when 3DU5C by infrared irradiation, at the conduction state, A point for th

10、e low level, 3DG6 end, B point is high; when no infrared radiation, the photoelectric transistor closed A high point presentation, so 3DG6 low collector point B, B point of the pulse signal through the inverter 1,2 plast

11、ic, and then the door 3 RP, frequency and speed will be proportional to the size of the corresponding changes</p><p>　　Figure 1 Schematic photoelectric conversion</p><p>　　When the machine used

12、in the measurement speed M / T method and timing method were used. M/T M / T method is the detection time Tc, the time according to speed pulse m1 and m2 to calculate the speed pulse. If a fixed period Tc, the total time

13、 taken and pulse rotation pulse fp fc's Pulse on m1 and m2, timing pulse frequency f, rotor output pulses per revolution for the p, the speed n = 60fm1 / pm2 (r / min). Such as the speed measured over 1 s pulses for

14、the m1, rotor output pulse number per revo</p><p>　　2 hardware speed measurement instrument </p><p>　　Figure 2 constitute the grounds of speed 8032 MCU measuring circuit. 8032 is MCS-51 series s

15、ingle chip, compared with the common 8031 chip, a feature more than 8032 strong T2 timer / counters and 128 bytes of internal RAM, which T2 counter with 16-bit auto-reload and capture, can for timer / counter with, but a

16、lso used as a baud rate generator. The system used for time T2, which take into account regular pulse, regular pulse signal directly from the 8032 chip address latch signal ALE client lead</p><p>　　3 softwar

17、e design and anti-interference measures </p><p>　　System programming includes the main program, interrupt procedures, code conversion routines, display routines, etc. The hardware structure of two measuremen

18、t methods are identical, but different software process, to set the speed through the P3.2 port approach. The following two measurement methods were discussed works. </p><p>　　M / T method, first of all by t

19、he end of 8032 the P1.1 output start pulse signal, the start pulse cleared DFF1 and DFF2 two triggers, so that Q1 ended output low, blocking the door 2,3,4, Q- 1 side open the door for the high one, and trigger DFF2 the

20、Q-2-ended output is high, ready for the start of work. When the speed pulse signal fp receives the rising edge, the flip-flop DFF1 turn, Q-1 is low, blocking the door 1, Q1 is high, open the door 2,3,4, so that start tim

21、e T2, m1, m2 and started coun</p><p>　　In the regular method, due to the timing signal generated 1 s, while the maximum time the system 131 ms, it is the law in time to take 10 consecutive 100 ms time method

22、, when the time to 100 ms, the timer T2 overflow interrupt to the 8032 application. Interrupt in the interrupt process of the cumulative number of times, if the cumulative number of times until they break 10, not to make

23、 any operation on the return, T2 to the next 100ms the time, T0 to count speed pulse, when the interrupt when th</p><p>　　The gun can measure the number of different pole pulse generator pulse occurs, such a

24、s infrared detectors above, when changing the rotating body attached to the amount of reflection paper, issued by the rotor per revolution pulse number p is also changed accordingly, At this point, if still in accordance

25、 with the procedures in the original p value calculation, calculation error will be. Therefore, the system provides very few of the features set the scene: P3.0 I take very few set selector switc</p><p>　　Ve

26、locity measurement at the time, and when not to n = 60m1 / p the operators directly to the speed of 1 s pulses m1 transformed into BCD code shows that the value obtained is obviously the input pulse frequency. Therefore,

27、 the system set up speed frequency options. P3.3 port access speed frequency select switch S3, when P3.3 is high time that test frequency. </p><p>　　Meanwhile, the system software has set a number of logical

28、 fault diagnosis functions, such as speeds above 99 999 r / min, the system will display PPPPP, that go beyond the scope of this gun is measured, and as if the M / T velocity measurement, the Select the measurement frequ

29、ency, it shows EEEEE, prompts the user error and so on. </p><p>　　As the gun is generally in the industrial field in the working environment of sources of interference, so in the design, using anti-jamming m

30、easures, such as power supply filtering, decoupling, pay attention to the trend of ground, then the locations and other hardware interference approach to CPU, RAM self-test, software redundancy, software, software such a

31、s anti-jamming technology trap. </p><p>　　Figure 2 Circuit Digital Speed Meter</p><p><b>　　中文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　數(shù)字式轉(zhuǎn)速測(cè)量?jī)x</b></p><p>　　摘要 介紹了一種以M

32、CS-51系列單片機(jī)8032為控制主體的數(shù)字式轉(zhuǎn)速測(cè)量?jī)x。該測(cè)量?jī)x具有設(shè)計(jì)合理、精度高、測(cè)速范圍寬、功能強(qiáng)、可靠性好、使用靈活方便等特點(diǎn)。文中詳細(xì)介紹了該儀表的工作原理，給出了它的硬件原理圖和軟件流程圖。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：數(shù)字式測(cè)量?jī)x器；轉(zhuǎn)速；單片機(jī)</p><p>　　轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)體的速度是工業(yè)測(cè)控系統(tǒng)中的重要參數(shù)之一。機(jī)械式轉(zhuǎn)速表在測(cè)量轉(zhuǎn)速時(shí)，必須將轉(zhuǎn)軸接觸被測(cè)物體，以獲得同步轉(zhuǎn)速

33、，通過(guò)內(nèi)部齒輪變速后用表頭指針指示轉(zhuǎn)速大小。使用機(jī)械式轉(zhuǎn)速表會(huì)干擾被測(cè)物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)，特別是當(dāng)被測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)體質(zhì)量很小時(shí)，測(cè)速表對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)體施加的壓力就是一個(gè)不小的附加負(fù)載，這影響測(cè)量的準(zhǔn)確性。本文介紹一種以8032單片微機(jī)為核心的測(cè)速儀。</p><p><b>　　1 轉(zhuǎn)速測(cè)量?jī)x原理</b></p><p>　　本測(cè)速儀的測(cè)速敏感器件采用紅外線傳感器，由專門的探測(cè)裝置發(fā)射紅外線

34、，同時(shí)接受從被測(cè)物體反射回來(lái)的紅外線，通過(guò)光電轉(zhuǎn)換變?yōu)殡娒}沖信號(hào)，不影響物體的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。發(fā)射管和接受管都固定在探測(cè)架上，通過(guò)透鏡聚焦，半透明膜既能使反射的紅外光線射向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)物體，又能使由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)物體反射回來(lái)的紅外線通過(guò)半透明膜射向接受管。在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)體上沿圓周均勻貼上若干反射紙，它能定向反射紅外線，使接受管接受到反射回來(lái)的紅外線。</p><p>　　光電轉(zhuǎn)換原理見(jiàn)圖1。在光電三極管3DU5C上加一適當(dāng)偏壓，當(dāng)3DU5C受紅外線

35、照射時(shí)，處于導(dǎo)通狀態(tài)，A點(diǎn)為低壓電平，3DG6截止，B點(diǎn)為高電平；當(dāng)沒(méi)有紅外線照射時(shí)，光電三極管截止，A點(diǎn)呈現(xiàn)高電平，使3DG6集電極B點(diǎn)為低電平，B點(diǎn)的脈沖信號(hào)經(jīng)過(guò)反相器1、2的整形，再經(jīng)門3反相，便得到頻率與轉(zhuǎn)速大小相應(yīng)成比例變化的轉(zhuǎn)速脈沖信號(hào)。轉(zhuǎn)速脈沖信號(hào)送入8032單片機(jī)的定時(shí)/計(jì)數(shù)器，經(jīng)過(guò)單片機(jī)的軟件處理計(jì)算出轉(zhuǎn)速。</p><p>　　圖1 光電轉(zhuǎn)換原理圖</p><p>　　

36、本機(jī)在測(cè)量轉(zhuǎn)速時(shí)采用了M/T法和定時(shí)法兩種方法。M/T法是在檢測(cè)時(shí)間Tc內(nèi)，根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)速脈沖m1和計(jì)時(shí)脈沖m2來(lái)計(jì)算轉(zhuǎn)速。如在固定周期Tc內(nèi)，計(jì)取轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)脈沖fp和計(jì)時(shí)脈沖fc的脈沖個(gè)數(shù)分別為m1和m2，計(jì)時(shí)脈沖的頻率為f，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)體每轉(zhuǎn)輸出的脈沖數(shù)為p，則轉(zhuǎn)速n=60fm1/pm2(r/min)。定時(shí)法是在給定的時(shí)間間隔1 s內(nèi)，對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)速脈沖進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)。如在1 s內(nèi)測(cè)得的轉(zhuǎn)速脈沖數(shù)為m1，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)體每轉(zhuǎn)輸出的脈沖個(gè)數(shù)，即極數(shù)為p，則轉(zhuǎn)速n=60m1/p(

37、r/min)。</p><p>　　2 轉(zhuǎn)速測(cè)量?jī)x的硬件結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>　　圖2為由8032單片機(jī)構(gòu)成的轉(zhuǎn)速測(cè)量?jī)x電路圖。8032屬于MCS-51系列單片機(jī)，與常用的8031芯片相比，8032多了一個(gè)功能較強(qiáng)的T2定時(shí)/計(jì)數(shù)器和128字節(jié)內(nèi)部RAM，其中T2計(jì)數(shù)器具有16位自動(dòng)重載和捕獲能力，既可作定時(shí)/計(jì)數(shù)用，又可作為波特率發(fā)生器用。本系統(tǒng)T2用于定時(shí)，即計(jì)取定時(shí)脈沖信號(hào)，定時(shí)脈沖

38、信號(hào)直接從8032芯片的地址鎖存信號(hào)端ALE引出，并經(jīng)過(guò)74LS74雙D觸發(fā)器兩分頻后獲得。當(dāng)晶振采用6 MHz時(shí)，定時(shí)脈沖的頻率fc為0.5 MHz。T0計(jì)數(shù)器計(jì)取轉(zhuǎn)速脈沖fp，T1計(jì)數(shù)器用于計(jì)取定時(shí)脈沖fc，觸發(fā)器DFF1，DFF2和與門1,2,3,4組成計(jì)數(shù)控制電路，能使T0和T1計(jì)數(shù)器同時(shí)啟停。系統(tǒng)采用動(dòng)態(tài)顯示方式。P0口通過(guò)帶允許控制端的8D鎖存器74LS377擴(kuò)展了一個(gè)8位輸出口，作為5位LED數(shù)碼管顯示的段選碼數(shù)據(jù)線。P1

39、.3-P1.75根口線作為五位LED顯示的位選線。P3.0、P3.1接S1和S4開(kāi)關(guān)，S1為極數(shù)P設(shè)定選擇開(kāi)關(guān)，S4為極數(shù)輸入脈沖鍵。P3.2和P3.3分別接S2和S3開(kāi)關(guān)，S2開(kāi)關(guān)為測(cè)速方法選擇鍵，選擇用M/T法測(cè)速，還是用定時(shí)法測(cè)速。S3為轉(zhuǎn)速/</p><p>　　3 軟件設(shè)計(jì)及抗干擾措施</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)的程序設(shè)計(jì)主要包括主程序、中斷程序、代碼轉(zhuǎn)換子程序、顯示子程序等。兩種

40、測(cè)速方法硬件結(jié)構(gòu)完全相同，只是軟件流程不同，通過(guò)P3.2口來(lái)設(shè)定測(cè)速方法。下面分別論述兩種測(cè)速方法的工作原理。</p><p>　　M/T法中，首先由8032的P1.1端輸出啟動(dòng)脈沖信號(hào)，該啟動(dòng)脈沖清零DFF1和DFF2兩個(gè)觸發(fā)器，使Q1端輸出低電平，封鎖門2、3、4，Q-1端為高電平打開(kāi)門1，而觸發(fā)器DFF2的Q-2端輸出為高電平，為啟動(dòng)工作做好準(zhǔn)備。當(dāng)接受到轉(zhuǎn)速脈沖信號(hào)fp的上升沿時(shí)，觸發(fā)器DFF1翻轉(zhuǎn)，Q-

41、1為低電平，封鎖門1，Q1為高電平，打開(kāi)門2、3、4，從而使T2開(kāi)始定時(shí)，m1，m2同時(shí)開(kāi)始計(jì)數(shù)。當(dāng)T2定時(shí)到100 ms時(shí)，向8032申請(qǐng)中斷。在中斷程序中，8032的P1.2端輸出停止脈沖信號(hào)，置位觸發(fā)器DFF2，Q-2端輸出低電平，封鎖門2、3、4，T0、T1同時(shí)停止計(jì)數(shù)。同時(shí)在中斷程序中讀出轉(zhuǎn)速信號(hào)脈沖數(shù)m1和定時(shí)信號(hào)脈沖數(shù)m2，在主程序中根據(jù)m1、m2，P和f算出轉(zhuǎn)速n=60fm1/pm2，并轉(zhuǎn)換為BCD碼，查表送至數(shù)碼管顯示

42、，完成一次數(shù)據(jù)的采集和顯示。</p><p>　　在定時(shí)法中，由于要產(chǎn)生1 s的定時(shí)信號(hào)，而本系統(tǒng)中定時(shí)最大值為131 ms，故在定時(shí)法中，采取連續(xù)定時(shí)10次100 ms的方法，當(dāng)?shù)搅?00 ms定時(shí)時(shí)，定時(shí)器T2溢出向8032申請(qǐng)中斷。在中斷程序中對(duì)中斷次數(shù)進(jìn)行累計(jì)，如果累計(jì)中斷次數(shù)未到10次，則不作任何運(yùn)算就返回，T2繼續(xù)下一次的100ms的定時(shí)，T0繼續(xù)計(jì)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)速脈沖，當(dāng)中斷次數(shù)達(dá)到10次時(shí)，在中斷程序中，置

43、位P1.2，停止計(jì)數(shù)，并且讀出T0的計(jì)數(shù)值m1，在主程序中進(jìn)行相應(yīng)運(yùn)算算出轉(zhuǎn)速，并轉(zhuǎn)換為BCD碼，送LED顯示。這里定時(shí)計(jì)數(shù)器采用了具有16位自動(dòng)重裝載功能的T2計(jì)數(shù)器，當(dāng)T2溢出產(chǎn)生中斷的同時(shí)，計(jì)數(shù)器自動(dòng)重載計(jì)數(shù)初值，繼續(xù)定時(shí)。因此它的定時(shí)是連續(xù)的，不受響應(yīng)中斷和處理中斷程序的影響。而如果采用沒(méi)有重載功能的定時(shí)器如T0或T1，則當(dāng)定時(shí)器溢出時(shí)，須在響應(yīng)中斷后，在中斷程序中重置定時(shí)器初值。定時(shí)器的定時(shí)是斷續(xù)的，影響定時(shí)精度，繼而影響測(cè)速

44、精度?？梢?jiàn)采用8032中的T2計(jì)數(shù)器定時(shí)是本系統(tǒng)一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，它能顯著提高測(cè)速精度。本測(cè)速儀在0-49r/min范圍內(nèi)，精度可達(dá)±0.1 r/min,在50-99 999r/min范圍內(nèi)，精度可達(dá)±</p><p>　　本測(cè)速儀可以測(cè)量不同極數(shù)的脈沖發(fā)生器發(fā)生的脈沖，如前述的紅外線探測(cè)器，當(dāng)改變貼在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)體上反射紙的數(shù)量時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)體每轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)出的脈沖數(shù)p也相應(yīng)改變，此時(shí)如果仍按照程序中原定的p值進(jìn)行計(jì)算，

45、就會(huì)運(yùn)算出錯(cuò)。因此本系統(tǒng)提供了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)設(shè)置極數(shù)的功能：P3.0口接極數(shù)設(shè)定選擇開(kāi)關(guān)，當(dāng)P3.0高電平時(shí)，表明需要設(shè)置極數(shù)，此時(shí)系統(tǒng)等待由P3.1口輸進(jìn)的脈沖信號(hào)，每一個(gè)脈沖信號(hào)可使系統(tǒng)的極數(shù)寄存器數(shù)值加1，并顯示在LED數(shù)碼管上。</p><p>　　在定時(shí)法測(cè)速時(shí)，當(dāng)不進(jìn)行n=60m1/p的運(yùn)算，直接將1 s內(nèi)的轉(zhuǎn)速脈沖數(shù)m1變換為BCD碼顯示，所得的數(shù)值顯然就是輸入脈沖信號(hào)的頻率。因此系統(tǒng)設(shè)置了轉(zhuǎn)速/頻率選擇功能

46、。P3.3口接轉(zhuǎn)速/頻率選擇開(kāi)關(guān)S3，當(dāng)P3.3為高電平時(shí)，表示測(cè)頻率。</p><p>　　同時(shí)，系統(tǒng)軟件還設(shè)置了一些邏輯錯(cuò)誤診斷功能，如當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)速超過(guò)99 999 r/min，系統(tǒng)將顯示PPPPP，表示超出本測(cè)速儀所測(cè)范圍，又如當(dāng)在M/T法測(cè)速時(shí)，選擇了測(cè)頻率，則顯示EEEEE，提示用戶出錯(cuò)等。</p><p>　　由于測(cè)速儀一般都在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)工作，工作環(huán)境干擾來(lái)源多，因此在設(shè)計(jì)中，采用

47、了抗干擾措施，如電源濾波、去耦、注意地線的走向，接地點(diǎn)的安排等硬件抗干擾辦法，以CPU、RAM自檢、軟件冗余、軟件陷阱等軟件抗干擾技術(shù)。</p><p>　　圖2 數(shù)字式轉(zhuǎn)速測(cè)量?jī)x電路圖</p><p><b>　　參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　[1] Yurish S.Y., Kirianaki N.V. Design of High

48、 Performances Digital Tachometers and Tachometric Systems Based on the Method of the Depended Count, In Proceedings of the VII-th International Conference CADSM’ 2003, Lviv-Slavsko, UKRAINE, 18-22 February, 2003</p>

49、;<p>　　[2] Kirianaki N.V., Deynega V.P., Yurish S.Y., Microprocessor Tachometers of New Generation for Turbogenerators of Thermal and Nuclear Electric Power Stations, Automatic, Measurements and Control, 19

50、95, No. 292, pp. 52-60.</p><p>　　[3] Yurish S.Y., Kirianaki N.V., Shpak N.O., Novel Rotation Speed Measurement Concept for ABS Appropriated for Microsystem Creation. In: Advanced Microsystems for Auto