1、<p><b>　　附 錄</b></p><p><b>　　英文文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　A Comparison of Soft Start Mechanisms for Mining Belt Conveyors</p><p>　　Michael L. Nave, P.E. </p>

2、<p>　　CONSOL Inc. </p><p>　　1800 Washington Road Pittsburgh, PA 15241</p><p>　　Belt Conveyors are an important method for transportation of bulk materials in the mining industry. The cont

3、rol of the application of the starting torque from the belt drive system to the belt fabric affects the performance, life cost, and reliability of the conveyor. This paper examines applications of each starting method wi

4、thin the coal mining industry.</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　The drive pulley via friction between the drive pulley and the belt fabric must transmit the force required to move a belt conveyor.

5、 In order to transmit power there must be a difference in the belt tension as it approaches and leaves the drive pulley. These conditions are true for steady state running, starting, and stopping. Traditionally, belt des

6、igns are based on static calculations of running forces. Since starting and stopping are not examined in detail, safety factors are applied to stati</p><p>　　SOFT START MECHANISM EVALUATION CRITERION</p&g

7、t;<p>　　What is the best belt conveyor drive system? The answer depends on many variables. The best system is one that provides acceptable control for starting, running, and stopping at a reasonable cost and with

8、high reliability (Llewellyn and Sudarshan, 1978).</p><p>　　Belt Drive System</p><p>　　For the purposes of this paper we will assume that belt conveyors are almost always driven by electrical pri

9、me movers (Goodyear Tire and Rubber, 1982). The belt "drive system" shall consist of multiple components including the electrical prime mover, the electrical motor starter with control system, the motor couplin

10、g, the speed reducer, the low speed coupling, the belt drive pulley, and the pulley brake or hold back (Zur, 1986). It is important that the belt designer examine the applicability o</p><p>　　Belt Drive Comp

11、onent Attributes</p><p><b>　　Size. </b></p><p>　　Certain drive components are available and practical in different size ranges. For this discussion, we will assume that belt drive sy

12、stems range from fractional horsepower to multiples of thousands of horsepower. Small drive systems are often below 50 horsepower. Medium systems range from 50 to 1000 horsepower. Large systems can be considered above 10

13、00 horsepower. Division of sizes into these groups is entirely arbitrary. Care must be taken to resist the temptation to over motor or under motor </p><p>　　Torque Control. </p><p>　　Belt design

14、ers try to limit the starting torque to no more than 150% of the running torque (Cema, 1979; Goodyear, 1982). The limit on the applied starting torque is often the limit of rating of the belt carcass, belt splice, pulley

15、 lagging, or shaft deflections. On larger belts and belts with optimized sized components, torque limits of 110% through 125% are common (Elberton, 1986). In addition to a torque limit, the belt starter may be required t

16、o limit torque increments that would stretch belt</p><p>　　Thermal Rating. </p><p>　　During starting and running, each drive system may dissipate waste heat. The waste heat may be liberated in t

17、he electrical motor, the electrical controls,, the couplings, the speed reducer, or the belt braking system. The thermal load of each start Is dependent on the amount of belt load and the duration of the start. The desig

18、ner must fulfill the application requirements for repeated starts after running the conveyor at full load. Typical mining belt starting duties vary from 3 to 10 starts per</p><p>　　Variable Speed. </p>

19、<p>　　Some belt drive systems are suitable for controlling the starting torque and speed, but only run at constant speed. Some belt applications would require a drive system capable of running for extended periods

20、 at less than full speed. This is useful when the drive load must be shared with other drives, the belt is used as a process feeder for rate control of the conveyed material, the belt speed is optimized for the haulage r

21、ate, the belt is used at slower speeds to transport men or materials, or </p><p>　　Regeneration or Overhauling Load. </p><p>　　Some belt profiles present the potential for overhauling loads wher

22、e the belt system supplies energy to the drive system. Not all drive systems have the ability to accept regenerated energy from the load. Some drives can accept energy from the load and return it to the power line for us

23、e by other loads. Other drives accept energy from the load and dissipate it into designated dynamic or mechanical braking elements. Some belt profiles switch from motoring to regeneration during operation. Can the</p&

24、gt;<p>　　Maintenance and Supporting Systems. </p><p>　　Each drive system will require periodic preventative maintenance. Replaceable items would include motor brushes, bearings, brake pads, dissipatio

25、n resistors, oils, and cooling water. If the drive system is conservatively engineered and operated, the lower stress on consumables will result in lower maintenance costs. Some drives require supporting systems such as

26、circulating oil for lubrication, cooling air or water, environmental dust filtering, or computer instrumentation. The maintenance of th</p><p><b>　　Cost. </b></p><p>　　The drive desi

27、gner will examine the cost of each drive system. The total cost is the sum of the first capital cost to acquire the drive, the cost to install and commission the drive, the cost to operate the drive, and the cost to main

28、tain the drive. The cost for power to operate the drive may vary widely with different locations. The designer strives to meet all system performance requirements at lowest total cost. Often more than one drive system ma

29、y satisfy all system performance criterions at</p><p>　　Complexity. </p><p>　　The preferred drive arrangement is the simplest, such as a single motor driving through a single head pulley. Howeve

30、r, mechanical, economic, and functional requirements often necessitate the use of complex drives. The belt designer must balance the need for sophistication against the problems that accompany complex systems. Complex sy

31、stems require additional design engineering for successful deployment. An often-overlooked cost in a complex system is the cost of training onsite personnel, or the</p><p>　　Multiple Drives. </p><

32、p>　　A simple belt is often driven by one drive pulley. Multiple, independent pulleys drive some more complex belts. These pulleys may be near each other, or at different belt locations. Multiple drives allow the belt

33、designer to increase the driven horsepower, while maintaining or reducing belt fabric tensions. Multiple drives require a drive starting and running system that allows for coordination between drives. Multiple drives of

34、different sizes or different belt wrap angles may require a load pr</p><p>　　Conveyor Jam. </p><p>　　It is possible for a running belt conveyor to encounter a mechanical jam of the belt fabric.

35、The drive system will continue to impart torque to the fabric up to the slip of the fabric on the drive pulley. Different drives vary in the application of breakdown torque to the stalled machine. It is important for the

36、 drive designer to examine the rotating inertia in the drive system. The prime mover motor rotor and all other rotating parts may contribute significant kinetic energy to the stalled belt</p><p>　　Control Sy

37、stem. </p><p>　　Each drive system will require a base case permissive control system for starting and running supervision. Most belt drive systems today use some form of computer control. The computer contro

38、l systems all depend on field sensors for measurement and reporting of drive parameters. The belt drive designer must determine the minimum required number and location of the field devices for adequate control. The driv

39、e control system will require power switchgear and control switchgear with provisions for</p><p>　　SOFT START METHODS OVERVIEW</p><p>　　The system approach will group the electrical prime mover

40、with control, the high and low speed couplings, the speed reducer, and the drive pulley for examination. The belt conveyor will require a force to initiate movement, termed breakaway torque. In movement, the conveyor wil

41、l require torque to support existing motion and torque to support acceleration to running speed within the time and thermal limits imposed by the system. The resultant acceleration is proportional to the applied force di

42、vi</p><p><b>　　中文翻譯</b></p><p>　　煤礦輸送帶軟啟動(dòng)機(jī)制的比較</p><p>　　Michael L. Nave, P.E.</p><p>　　CONSOL Inc.</p><p>　　1800 Washington Road Pittsburgh, PA

43、 15241</p><p>　　在采礦業(yè)，帶式輸送機(jī)是運(yùn)送散裝材料方面的一個(gè)重要方法。對(duì)起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩的應(yīng)用的控制從皮帶驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)到皮帶的結(jié)構(gòu)都影響到輸送帶的運(yùn)行，費(fèi)用和輸送帶的可靠性。這個(gè)文件調(diào)查了每種起動(dòng)方法在煤炭開采業(yè)的應(yīng)用。</p><p><b>　　說(shuō)明</b></p><p>　　驅(qū)動(dòng)帶式輸送機(jī)運(yùn)行的力必須由傳動(dòng)滾筒和輸送帶之間的摩擦來(lái)

44、提供。為了傳輸動(dòng)力，輸送帶在經(jīng)過(guò)分離點(diǎn)和相遇點(diǎn)處的張力必須有所不同。這些條件都是穩(wěn)態(tài)運(yùn)行，起動(dòng)和停止?fàn)顟B(tài)時(shí)所必須的。傳統(tǒng)上，輸送帶的設(shè)計(jì)是基于驅(qū)動(dòng)力的靜態(tài)計(jì)算之上。由于起動(dòng)，停止都沒有詳細(xì)審查，所以安全因素被應(yīng)用到靜態(tài)載荷(哈里森，1987)。本文將主要闡述輸送帶起動(dòng)和加速的情況。輸送帶設(shè)計(jì)師必須控制起動(dòng)加速度，以避免皮帶布料過(guò)度拉緊和輸送帶驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中的張力合適(Surtees，1986年)。高加速度的力量可以影響皮帶料材，皮帶結(jié)合處以

45、及驅(qū)動(dòng)滾筒和從動(dòng)滾筒，軸，軸承，減速器，耦合器等。不受控制的加速力量，能引起皮帶機(jī)系統(tǒng)性能問(wèn)題，如豎曲線，過(guò)度皮帶張緊運(yùn)動(dòng)，傳動(dòng)滾筒的摩擦損失，物料的散落以及帶織物的撕裂。皮帶設(shè)計(jì)師面臨兩個(gè)問(wèn)題，皮帶驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)必須產(chǎn)生足夠的最小轉(zhuǎn)矩力，足以起動(dòng)輸送帶，并且使輸送帶的張力被控制在安全限度內(nèi)。通過(guò)驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩控制設(shè)備，或機(jī)械，或電氣，或者是兩者的結(jié)合來(lái)完成輸送帶的穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行(杰姆，1979年)。</p><p>　　軟啟動(dòng)機(jī)

46、制的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</p><p>　　什么是最好的皮帶傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)？答案取決于許多變量。最好的系統(tǒng)之一是，它能夠?qū)?dòng)，運(yùn)行，停止進(jìn)行控制，并且具有合理的成本和較高的可靠性(Llewellyn和Sudarshan，1978年)。</p><p><b>　　輸送帶驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　為達(dá)到本文的目的，我們將假定傳送帶幾乎都是由主要的電

47、氣原動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)。(Goodyear輪胎橡膠，1982年)。輸送帶“驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)”應(yīng)包含多種成分，包括電氣原動(dòng)機(jī)，電機(jī)起動(dòng)器控制系統(tǒng)，電機(jī)聯(lián)軸器，減速器，低轉(zhuǎn)速聯(lián)軸器，皮帶傳動(dòng)滾筒和滾筒制動(dòng)或停止(Zur，1986年)。最重要的是輸送帶設(shè)計(jì)師必須審核每個(gè)具體應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)組件的適用性。為達(dá)到本文的目的，我們將假定所有傳動(dòng)部件均位于新鮮空氣，非允許的煤礦地區(qū)，或在非危險(xiǎn)，國(guó)家電力法規(guī)，第500防爆煤礦表面地區(qū)。</p><p>

48、<b>　　皮帶傳動(dòng)組件屬性</b></p><p><b>　　尺寸</b></p><p>　　某些驅(qū)動(dòng)組件在不同大小的尺寸范圍內(nèi)都是可利用和實(shí)用的。這方面的討論，我們將假定輸送帶驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)包括部分馬力和成千上萬(wàn)的馬力。小傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)往往低于50馬力。中型系統(tǒng)是從50至100馬力。大系統(tǒng)可考慮在1000以上的馬力。這些組的尺寸的分類是任意的。必須小

49、心抵制超出或低于電動(dòng)機(jī)工況的傾向，使輸送帶增強(qiáng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。一個(gè)過(guò)載驅(qū)動(dòng)能夠?qū)е螺^差的效率和可能的大扭矩。同時(shí)，負(fù)載的驅(qū)動(dòng)可能導(dǎo)致毀滅性的超速的再生，或過(guò)熱，從而以縮短電機(jī)壽命(Lodi，Etal，1978)。</p><p><b>　　轉(zhuǎn)矩控制</b></p><p>　　帶設(shè)計(jì)師設(shè)法限制啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩不超過(guò)150%的運(yùn)行轉(zhuǎn)矩(Cema，1979年；Goodyear，1982

50、年)。起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩的限制往往限制皮帶的評(píng)級(jí)，帶的接頭，滾筒滯后，或軸彎曲。對(duì)于較大的輸送帶和尺寸合適的輸送帶，扭矩極限達(dá)到110%～125%是常見的(Elberton，1986年)。除了扭矩限制，皮帶起動(dòng)機(jī)可能須限制扭矩增量，它能夠拉伸輸送帶和引起移動(dòng)波。一個(gè)理想的起步控制系統(tǒng)，從靜止的輸送帶到運(yùn)動(dòng)停止的輸送帶，或運(yùn)動(dòng)的整個(gè)帶，都適用預(yù)緊扭矩，那么力矩等于有負(fù)荷的輸送帶的變化要求加上一個(gè)恒轉(zhuǎn)矩，這個(gè)恒轉(zhuǎn)矩能夠從靜止到最終運(yùn)行速度促進(jìn)慣性系統(tǒng)

51、元件的慣性。這將減少系統(tǒng)瞬間力以及皮帶拉伸(舒爾茨，1992)。不同的驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)在輸送帶靜止時(shí)和具有一定速度時(shí)，具有不同的控制扭矩的能力。另外，輸送帶本身呈現(xiàn)兩種截然不同的負(fù)荷情況。空載輸送帶在停止和運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)通常具有最小的所需轉(zhuǎn)矩，而滿載輸送帶需要最高的扭矩。一個(gè)采礦驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)必須能夠達(dá)到不同的適用扭矩，對(duì)于簡(jiǎn)單的橫向布置的輸送帶為2/1的比例，對(duì)于傾斜的或復(fù)雜的輸送帶為10/1的比例。</p><p><b>

52、;　　熱額定</b></p><p>　　在起動(dòng)和運(yùn)行期間，每個(gè)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)都可能散失余熱。余熱也許釋放在電動(dòng)機(jī)里，電器控制，聯(lián)軸器，減速機(jī)，或帶制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)里。每次啟動(dòng)的熱負(fù)荷決定于輸送帶的載荷大小和起動(dòng)的持續(xù)時(shí)間。設(shè)計(jì)者必須在輸送帶滿載運(yùn)行時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)滿足反復(fù)啟動(dòng)的應(yīng)用要求。典型的采礦輸送帶起動(dòng)從平均每小時(shí)3到10次不同，或連續(xù)起動(dòng)2到4次不同。重復(fù)起動(dòng)可能要求降低輸出或系統(tǒng)組件尺寸加大。重復(fù)起動(dòng)中的熱額定和

53、成本間有直接的關(guān)系。</p><p><b>　　變速</b></p><p>　　一些輸送帶驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)適合于控制起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩和速度，但只能工作在恒定的速度下。一些帶的應(yīng)用需要驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)能夠長(zhǎng)時(shí)間低于全速運(yùn)行。當(dāng)其他驅(qū)動(dòng)共同分派驅(qū)動(dòng)載荷時(shí)，這樣是有益的，皮帶在搬運(yùn)物料的速率控制方面可以作為一個(gè)過(guò)程進(jìn)料器應(yīng)用，輸送帶的速度被優(yōu)化，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)托運(yùn)，輸送帶低速運(yùn)行時(shí)可用來(lái)載人或載物，

54、或者運(yùn)行緩慢檢查或緩慢移動(dòng)速度，以便進(jìn)行維修工作(Hager，1991年)。變速傳動(dòng)將要求一些基于調(diào)整運(yùn)行速度的運(yùn)算法則的控制系統(tǒng)。</p><p><b>　　再生或檢修載荷</b></p><p>　　一些帶目前的概況展現(xiàn)出在輸送帶系統(tǒng)給驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)供應(yīng)能量方面具有檢修荷載的潛力。并不是所有傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)都能夠接受可再生能源的負(fù)荷。一些驅(qū)動(dòng)器可以接受來(lái)自負(fù)載的能量并歸還給電

55、源線，供其他負(fù)荷應(yīng)用。其他驅(qū)動(dòng)接受來(lái)自負(fù)載的能量，而把它釋放到指定動(dòng)態(tài)的或機(jī)械制動(dòng)元件中。一些帶的輪廓可以重新改造。驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可以接受可再生能源在某種程度上的應(yīng)用嗎？請(qǐng)問(wèn)在檢修時(shí)，驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)一定能控制或調(diào)節(jié)大的減速力嗎？當(dāng)運(yùn)行時(shí)和起動(dòng)時(shí)能進(jìn)行檢修嗎？</p><p><b>　　維修和配套系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　每個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)將需要定期預(yù)防性檢修。可以代替的項(xiàng)目將

56、包括電機(jī)電刷，軸承，制動(dòng)塊，耗散電阻，油類及冷卻水。如果驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是在適當(dāng)?shù)牟邉澓瓦\(yùn)作下，降低壓力消耗品將能夠降低維修費(fèi)用。有些驅(qū)動(dòng)器需要配套的系統(tǒng)，如循環(huán)油潤(rùn)滑，冷卻空氣或水，環(huán)境粉塵過(guò)濾或電腦儀表。配套系統(tǒng)的維修可以影響到驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的可靠性。</p><p><b>　　成本</b></p><p>　　傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)師將審查每個(gè)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的費(fèi)用?？偝杀镜目偤褪窃假Y本成本的

57、綜合，包括所需驅(qū)動(dòng)器成本，驅(qū)動(dòng)器安裝費(fèi)和傭金，驅(qū)動(dòng)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)費(fèi)用和維護(hù)成本。使驅(qū)動(dòng)器運(yùn)作的成本可能因場(chǎng)所的不同而不同。設(shè)計(jì)師力求以最低的總成本來(lái)滿足所有系統(tǒng)的性能要求。在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)成本方面，往往不止一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可滿足所有系統(tǒng)的性能指標(biāo)。</p><p><b>　　復(fù)雜性</b></p><p>　　首選的驅(qū)動(dòng)安排是最簡(jiǎn)單的，例如一個(gè)電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)一個(gè)主動(dòng)皮帶輪。然而，機(jī)械的、經(jīng)濟(jì)

58、性的及功能性的要求，往往需要采用復(fù)雜的驅(qū)動(dòng)器。皮帶設(shè)計(jì)師必須權(quán)衡各方面的需要，為對(duì)付復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題，伴隨著復(fù)雜的制度。復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)需要更多的設(shè)計(jì)工程來(lái)成功地部署。在復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)中，一個(gè)經(jīng)常被忽視的成本是人員上門服務(wù)的培訓(xùn)費(fèi)，或由于訓(xùn)練不足停工的費(fèi)用。</p><p><b>　　多重驅(qū)動(dòng)</b></p><p>　　一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的輸送帶通常是由一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)滾筒來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)。一些更復(fù)雜的皮帶

59、由多個(gè)獨(dú)立的驅(qū)動(dòng)滾筒驅(qū)動(dòng)。這些滾筒可能接近對(duì)方，或者在皮帶的不同地點(diǎn)。多重驅(qū)動(dòng)允許輸送帶設(shè)計(jì)師加大驅(qū)動(dòng)馬力，同時(shí)保持或降低織物帶的張力。多重驅(qū)動(dòng)需要一個(gè)起動(dòng)和運(yùn)行體系來(lái)協(xié)調(diào)不同的驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置。不同輸送帶尺寸或不同包角的多重驅(qū)動(dòng)可能需要一個(gè)負(fù)荷比例方案(均分負(fù)載)。在起動(dòng)或運(yùn)行的較低的評(píng)級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)矩時(shí)，負(fù)載分配需要一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)器來(lái)操作。多重傳動(dòng)皮帶系統(tǒng)將由一個(gè)或更多的原動(dòng)力來(lái)操作嗎？在不同的地點(diǎn)的多重驅(qū)動(dòng)將需要一個(gè)集散控制系統(tǒng)(Gallina，1991

60、年；Sur，1987年)。</p><p><b>　　輸送障礙</b></p><p>　　正在運(yùn)行的輸送帶碰到一個(gè)來(lái)自輸送帶的機(jī)械障礙是可能的。驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)將繼續(xù)傳遞扭矩一直到輸送帶在滾筒上打滑。不同的驅(qū)動(dòng)隨停止機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的極限轉(zhuǎn)矩的不同而不同。對(duì)驅(qū)動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)師來(lái)說(shuō)，研究驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量是非常重要的。原動(dòng)機(jī)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子和其他所有旋轉(zhuǎn)部件可能給輸送帶以顯動(dòng)能。驅(qū)動(dòng)對(duì)極限扭矩的回

61、應(yīng)也可能不盡相同。</p><p><b>　　控制系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　每個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)將需要一個(gè)用于啟動(dòng)和運(yùn)行的監(jiān)督的許用的控制系統(tǒng)。今天大多數(shù)帶驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)使用某種形式的計(jì)算機(jī)控制。計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)都依賴外設(shè)傳感器來(lái)測(cè)量和報(bào)告驅(qū)動(dòng)參數(shù)。皮帶傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)師必須確定所需的最低數(shù)量和地點(diǎn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)設(shè)備來(lái)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)控制。傳動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)將需要帶有規(guī)定了"鎖定"的電

62、源開關(guān)及控制開關(guān)，從而進(jìn)行輸送設(shè)備的維修及服務(wù)。鎖定適用于機(jī)電、液壓、氣動(dòng)和重力能源。</p><p><b>　　軟起動(dòng)方法綜述</b></p><p>　　該系統(tǒng)方式將集原動(dòng)力機(jī)電的控制、高低轉(zhuǎn)速聯(lián)軸器、減速器及傳動(dòng)滾筒于一體。傳送帶將要求一個(gè)使輸送帶運(yùn)行的力，被稱為最小開機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)矩。在運(yùn)動(dòng)中，輸送帶將具有系統(tǒng)所要求的維持其現(xiàn)有運(yùn)動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)矩和在時(shí)間和熱量限制下加速到運(yùn)行