1、<p><b>　　附錄2 外文譯文</b></p><p>　　虛擬制造技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用</p><p>　　摘要：闡述了虛擬制造的基本概念，虛擬制造的核心技術(shù)，以及虛擬制造技術(shù)應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：制造業(yè) 虛擬制造 虛擬現(xiàn)實</p><p><b>　　0 引言</b>&

2、lt;/p><p>　　當(dāng)今的制造業(yè)基本技術(shù)日臻成熟，其市場處于以消費(fèi)者為導(dǎo)向的市場環(huán)境下，產(chǎn)品品種、上市時間和用戶滿意度成為企業(yè)取得競爭優(yōu)勢的主要因素。制造業(yè)這種全球化的激烈競爭不斷催生了各種先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和新的制造哲理，虛擬制造技術(shù)將會在本世紀(jì)涌向潮頭，其樸素的思想和高新的技術(shù)手段都為研究領(lǐng)域和業(yè)界所推崇。</p><p>　　虛擬制造就是根據(jù)企業(yè)市場競爭的需求，在強(qiáng)調(diào)柔性和快速的前提下，美

3、國80年代提出的，隨著計算機(jī)技術(shù)和信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，在90年代得到人們的重視，并獲得迅速的發(fā)展。</p><p><b>　　1 虛擬制造</b></p><p>　　虛擬制造的基本思想是在產(chǎn)品制造過程的上游——設(shè)計階段就進(jìn)行對產(chǎn)品制造全過程的虛擬集成，將全階段可能出現(xiàn)的問題解決在這一階段，通過設(shè)計的最優(yōu)化達(dá)到產(chǎn)品的一次性制造成功。</p><p

4、>　　虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)是使用感官組織仿真設(shè)備的真實或虛幻環(huán)境的動態(tài)模型生成或創(chuàng)造出人能夠感知的環(huán)境或現(xiàn)實，使人能夠憑借直覺作用于計算機(jī)產(chǎn)生的三維仿真模型的虛擬環(huán)境?；谔摂M現(xiàn)實技術(shù)的虛擬制造技術(shù)在一個統(tǒng)一模型之下對設(shè)計和制造等過程集成，它將與產(chǎn)品制造相關(guān)的各種過程與技術(shù)集成在三維的、動態(tài)的仿真真實過程的實體數(shù)字模型之上。其目的是在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計階段，借助建模與仿真技術(shù)及時地、并行地、模擬出產(chǎn)品未來制造過程乃至產(chǎn)品全生命周期的各種活動對產(chǎn)品設(shè)

5、計的影響，預(yù)測、檢測、評價產(chǎn)品性能和產(chǎn)品的可制造性等等。從而更加有效的、經(jīng)濟(jì)的、柔性的組織生產(chǎn)，增強(qiáng)決策與控制水平，有力地降低由于前期設(shè)計給后期制造帶來的回溯更改，達(dá)到產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)周期和成本最小化、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計質(zhì)量的最優(yōu)化、生產(chǎn)效率的最大化。</p><p>　　虛擬制造系統(tǒng)是各制造功能的虛擬集成，它的可視化集成范圍包括與設(shè)計相關(guān)的各項子系統(tǒng)的功能，如用戶支持、工程分析、材料選用、工藝計劃、工裝分析、快速原型，甚至包括

6、制造企業(yè)全部功能（如計劃、操作、控制）的集成。</p><p>　　虛擬制造系統(tǒng)擁有產(chǎn)品和相關(guān)制造過程的全部信息，包括虛擬設(shè)計、制造和控制產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)、知識和模型信息。虛擬控制制造系統(tǒng)按照功能歸集為三種不同類型的子環(huán)境，共同構(gòu)成中心三元耦合的系統(tǒng)模式：</p><p>　　（1）虛擬制造設(shè)計中心：給設(shè)計者提供各種工具以便虛擬設(shè)計、虛擬制造，設(shè)計出符合設(shè)計準(zhǔn)則（如DFX）的產(chǎn)品模型；</

7、p><p>　?。?）虛擬制造加工中心：研究開發(fā)產(chǎn)品制造過程模型和環(huán)境模型及其分析各種可行的生產(chǎn)計劃和工藝規(guī)劃；</p><p>　?。?）虛擬制造控制中心：評價產(chǎn)品設(shè)計、產(chǎn)品原型、生產(chǎn)計劃、制造模擬和控制策略等等。</p><p>　　2 虛擬制造技術(shù)支持</p><p>　　虛擬制造技術(shù)是多學(xué)科綜合的系統(tǒng)技術(shù)，需要研究開發(fā)相應(yīng)的硬件集成系統(tǒng)與

8、軟件，就軟件技術(shù)而言，相關(guān)的研究支持如下：</p><p>　　可視化：真實、直觀地再現(xiàn)主觀產(chǎn)品與客觀制造過程；</p><p>　　基本環(huán)境：增強(qiáng)可視化和其它虛擬制造功能的集成系統(tǒng)平臺；</p><p>　　信息描述：表達(dá)各種信息，包括數(shù)據(jù)、知識和模型的統(tǒng)一的方法、語義、語法；</p><p>　　中介模型：構(gòu)造、定義、開發(fā)對過程易于中斷介

9、入的模型；</p><p>　　基層集成組織結(jié)構(gòu)：硬件與軟件的基層組織結(jié)構(gòu)；</p><p>　　仿真模型：在計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中設(shè)計的真實系統(tǒng)模型；</p><p>　　應(yīng)用方法：產(chǎn)品多樣性與過程動態(tài)性的共同特征的抽象提??；</p><p>　　制造特征：各種材料在虛擬制造環(huán)境中的變化過程；</p><p>　　虛擬制造系統(tǒng)

10、評價：可制造性、工藝性、可靠性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性、質(zhì)量、工期等等。</p><p><b>　　2.1建模技術(shù)</b></p><p>　　虛擬制造系統(tǒng)是現(xiàn)實制造系統(tǒng)在虛擬環(huán)境下的映射，是RMS的模型化、形式化和計算機(jī)化的抽象描述和表示。VMS的建模應(yīng)包括：生產(chǎn)模型、產(chǎn)品模型和工藝模型的信息體系結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　?。?）生產(chǎn)模型歸納為靜態(tài)描述和動

11、態(tài)描述兩個方面。靜態(tài)描述是指系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)能力和生產(chǎn)特性的描述。動態(tài)描述是指在已知系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)和需求特性的基礎(chǔ)上預(yù)測產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的全過程。</p><p>　?。?）產(chǎn)品模型是制造過程中，各類實體對象模型的集合。對VMS來說，要使產(chǎn)品實施過程中的全部活動集成，就必須具有完備的產(chǎn)品模型，所以虛擬制造下的產(chǎn)品模型不再是單一的靜態(tài)特征模型，它能通過映射、抽象等方法提取產(chǎn)品實施中各活動所需的模型。</p><p&g

12、t;　　（3）工藝模型將工藝參數(shù)與影響制造功能的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計屬性聯(lián)系起來，反應(yīng)生產(chǎn)模型與產(chǎn)品模型之間的交互作用。工藝模型必須具備以下功能：計算機(jī)工藝仿真、制造</p><p>　　數(shù)據(jù)表、制造規(guī)劃、統(tǒng)計模型以及物理和數(shù)學(xué)模型。</p><p><b>　　2.2仿真技術(shù)</b></p><p>　　仿真就是應(yīng)用計算機(jī)對復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)實系統(tǒng)經(jīng)過抽象和簡化形

13、成系統(tǒng)模型，然后在分析的基礎(chǔ)上運(yùn)行此模型，從而得到系統(tǒng)一系列的統(tǒng)計性能。</p><p>　　仿真的基本步驟為：研究系統(tǒng)——收集數(shù)據(jù)——建立系統(tǒng)模型——確定仿真算法——建立仿真模型——運(yùn)行仿真模型——輸出結(jié)果并分析。</p><p>　　產(chǎn)品制造過程仿真，可歸納為制造系統(tǒng)仿真和加工過程仿真。虛擬制造系統(tǒng)中的產(chǎn)品開發(fā)涉及到產(chǎn)品建模仿真、設(shè)計過程規(guī)劃仿真、設(shè)計思維過程和設(shè)計交互行為仿真等，以便

14、對設(shè)計結(jié)果進(jìn)行評價，實現(xiàn)設(shè)計過程早期反饋，減少或避免產(chǎn)品設(shè)計錯誤。加工過程仿真，包括切削過程仿真、裝配過程仿真，檢驗過程仿真以及焊接、壓力加工、鑄造仿真等。目前上述兩類仿真過程是獨(dú)立發(fā)展起來的，尚不能集成，而VM中應(yīng)建立面向制造全過程的統(tǒng)一仿真。</p><p><b>　　2.3虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)</b></p><p>　　虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)是在為改善人與計算機(jī)的交互方式，提

15、高計算機(jī)可操作性中產(chǎn)生的，它是綜合利用計算機(jī)圖形系統(tǒng)、各種顯示和控制等接口設(shè)備，在計算機(jī)上生成可交互的三維環(huán)境（稱為虛擬環(huán)境）中提供沉浸感覺的技術(shù)。</p><p>　　由圖形系統(tǒng)及各種接口設(shè)備組成，用來產(chǎn)生虛擬環(huán)境并提供沉浸感覺，以及交互操作的計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)稱為虛擬現(xiàn)實系統(tǒng)。虛擬現(xiàn)實系統(tǒng)包括操作者、機(jī)器和人機(jī)接口3個基本要素。利用VRS可以對真實世界進(jìn)行動態(tài)模似，通過用戶的交互輸入，并及時按輸出修改虛擬環(huán)境，使人產(chǎn)

16、生身臨其境的沉浸感覺。虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)是VM的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之一。</p><p>　　3 VM在制造業(yè)中應(yīng)用</p><p>　　雖然在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)過程中應(yīng)用建模和仿真可以大大縮短開發(fā)周期，改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的性能和可靠性，但在工業(yè)界的設(shè)計過程中實際應(yīng)用并不多。目前的仿真系統(tǒng)還不能適應(yīng)工業(yè)界在設(shè)計過程中進(jìn)行分析和驗證等的要求。</p><p>　　高級工程仿真系統(tǒng)應(yīng)具有下列特點：<

17、/p><p>　　三維的復(fù)雜零件”零件接口；本質(zhì)上不同響應(yīng)特性的多元材料；材料重要的非線性性質(zhì)，諸如：非牛頓行為、塑料變形、斷裂；多相現(xiàn)象；帶有化學(xué)反應(yīng)的多相能量轉(zhuǎn)移；移動或自由邊界；非線性動力學(xué)。</p><p>　　在以模型為基礎(chǔ)的設(shè)計中，實現(xiàn)高級工程仿真的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)可歸納如下：</p><p>　　用戶接口；分析式立體造型；對殼體和實體的先進(jìn)網(wǎng)格生成算法（有限元分析

18、用）；解的誤差分析和改進(jìn)；材料模型；優(yōu)化目標(biāo)函數(shù)的設(shè)計；面向?qū)ο蟮能浖こ?；海量并行計算；可視化?lt;/p><p>　　把這些技術(shù)集成起來，可以幫助設(shè)計者進(jìn)行設(shè)計，了解設(shè)計出來的產(chǎn)品的性能。應(yīng)用上述先進(jìn)的網(wǎng)格生成算法、誤差分析及計算，可組成自適應(yīng)算法，使僅懂得機(jī)構(gòu)、不懂得分析的設(shè)計者也能設(shè)計產(chǎn)品及設(shè)計這一產(chǎn)品的制造過程。自適應(yīng)能力可以保證分析的精度。由于重要的幾何性質(zhì)可以參數(shù)化，因此可以進(jìn)行形狀的優(yōu)化等。<

19、/p><p>　　虛擬制造技術(shù)首先在飛機(jī)、汽車等領(lǐng)域獲得成功的應(yīng)用。目前VMT應(yīng)用在以下幾個方面：</p><p><b>　　3.1虛擬企業(yè)</b></p><p>　　虛擬企業(yè)建立，其中有一條最重要的原因是因為各企業(yè)本身無法單獨(dú)滿足市場需求，迎接市場挑戰(zhàn)。因此，為了快速響應(yīng)市場的需求，圍繞新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，利用不同地域的現(xiàn)有資源、不同的企業(yè)或不同地點

20、的工廠，重新組織一個新公司。該公司在運(yùn)行之前，必須分析組合是否最優(yōu)，能否協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)行，并對投產(chǎn)后的風(fēng)險、利益分配等進(jìn)行評估。這種聯(lián)作公司稱為虛擬公司，或者叫作動態(tài)聯(lián)盟，是一種虛擬企業(yè)，它具有集成性和實效性兩大特點的經(jīng)濟(jì)實體。 </p><p><b>　　3.2虛擬產(chǎn)品設(shè)計</b></p><p>　　例如飛機(jī)、汽車的外形設(shè)計，其形狀是否符合空氣動力學(xué)原理，運(yùn)動過程中的阻

21、力，其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)布局的合理性等。在復(fù)雜管道系統(tǒng)設(shè)計中，采用虛擬技術(shù)，設(shè)計者可以”進(jìn)入其中0進(jìn)行管道布置，并可檢查能否發(fā)生干涉。在計算機(jī)上的虛擬產(chǎn)品設(shè)計，不但能提高設(shè)計效率，而且能盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計中的問題，從而優(yōu)化產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計。例如美國波音公司投資40億美元研制波音777噴氣式客機(jī)，從1990年10月開始到1994年6月僅用了3年零8個月時間就完成了研制，一次試飛成功，投入運(yùn)營。波音公司分散在世界各地的技術(shù)人員可以從777客機(jī)數(shù)以萬計的零部件中調(diào)

22、出任何一種在計算機(jī)上觀察、研究、討論，所有零部件均是三維實體模型?？梢娞摂M產(chǎn)品設(shè)計給企業(yè)帶來的效益。</p><p><b>　　3.3虛擬產(chǎn)品制造</b></p><p>　　應(yīng)用計算機(jī)仿真技術(shù)，對零件的加工方法、工序順序、工裝的選用、工藝參數(shù)的選用，加工工藝性、裝配工藝性、配合件之間的配合性、連接件之間的連接性、運(yùn)動構(gòu)件的運(yùn)動性等均可建模仿真，可以提前發(fā)現(xiàn)加工缺陷

23、，提前發(fā)現(xiàn)裝配時出現(xiàn)的問題，從而能夠優(yōu)化制造過程，提高加工效率。</p><p><b>　　3.4虛擬生產(chǎn)過程</b></p><p>　　產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過程的合理制定、人力資源、制造資源、物料庫存、生產(chǎn)調(diào)度、生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的規(guī)劃設(shè)計等，均可通過計算機(jī)仿真進(jìn)行優(yōu)化，同時還可對生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行可靠性分析，對生產(chǎn)過程的資金進(jìn)行分析預(yù)測，對產(chǎn)品市場進(jìn)行分析預(yù)測等，從而對人力資源、制造資源

24、的合理配置，對縮短產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)周期，降低成本意義重大。</p><p>　　4 虛擬制造系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>　　CIM集成是通過物理的、邏輯的聯(lián)系以便在制造設(shè)備之間傳遞信號，以龐大的信息流為“網(wǎng)線”粘連起企業(yè)活動的全部活動“節(jié)點”，共同澆結(jié)成一整塊“企業(yè)機(jī)器”，實際上從各個方面降低了企業(yè)的柔性。而虛擬制造則完全是數(shù)字模型的集成，提供了有別于CIMS“物理集成”的虛擬集成方案，將相互孤

25、立的制造技術(shù)如CAD、CAM、CAPP等等集成在一個虛擬產(chǎn)品制造環(huán)境下，以現(xiàn)實對制造過程的一一對應(yīng)的模型化映射關(guān)系，它相對于物理世界有功能一致性、結(jié)構(gòu)相似性的特點，是對實體制造企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品、作業(yè)、環(huán)境及其評價行為等等四個特征的虛擬實現(xiàn)。虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)在的制造系統(tǒng)如CAD、CAPP、CAM，能夠大大增強(qiáng)各個子系統(tǒng)之間的協(xié)調(diào)與并行。面向模型集成各個子系統(tǒng)功能是虛擬制造技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵之一，由于產(chǎn)品的多樣性與制造過程的動態(tài)性，虛擬制造環(huán)境是一個

26、動態(tài)多變的集成環(huán)境，其過程會產(chǎn)生大量的各種數(shù)據(jù)，虛擬過程的數(shù)據(jù)管理變得非常復(fù)雜。面向產(chǎn)品與過程的虛擬制造系統(tǒng)需要對產(chǎn)品、作業(yè)、環(huán)境和評價的數(shù)據(jù)、知識、模型進(jìn)行共同特征抽取與異型制造過程創(chuàng)建。</p><p>　　擬實制造的基礎(chǔ)是對制造過程（即把各種材料變成產(chǎn)品的過程）的理論和方法進(jìn)行深入的了解。有了這些了解，才有可能在計算機(jī)上進(jìn)行擬實制造，從而揭示一個產(chǎn)品制造全過程的種種復(fù)雜問題。隨著擬實制造的發(fā)展，它將為工程師

27、們提供一個從產(chǎn)品的概念形成、設(shè)計、制造到實現(xiàn)的全過程三維可視及交互的環(huán)境；它將促使實現(xiàn)制造驅(qū)動設(shè)計，要求設(shè)計者在設(shè)計階段把一個產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思、設(shè)計、制造統(tǒng)統(tǒng)考慮好。目前，電子類產(chǎn)品，特別是大規(guī)模集成電路，相對地比機(jī)械類產(chǎn)品簡單，制造過程具有通用性，發(fā)展得較成熟；機(jī)械類產(chǎn)品相對較復(fù)雜，進(jìn)展得較慢。另外，擬實制造的實現(xiàn)是建筑在一個企業(yè)內(nèi)外實行計算機(jī)集成基礎(chǔ)上的，只有在大范圍采用計算機(jī)集成后，才能有效地實行擬實制造，并在這基礎(chǔ)上過渡到敏捷制造時代

28、。因此，今天我們在大范圍內(nèi)推廣CIMS的應(yīng)用，是有很深遠(yuǎn)的歷史意義的。它將為我國實現(xiàn)跳躍式發(fā)展，打下堅實的基礎(chǔ)。</p><p><b>　　附錄3 外文原文</b></p><p>　　Virtual Manufacturing Technology and Its Application</p><p>　　Abstract：This p

29、aper describes the fundamental conception，the key virtual technology of virtual manufacturing and its application.</p><p>　　Keywords：Manufacturing industry Virtual manufacturing Virtual reality</p>

30、<p><b>　　0 preface</b></p><p>　　Nowadays the manufacturing industry basic technique is attain mature, its market be placed in with consumer for direction of market environment descend, produ

31、ct species, the time appear on market and the customer satisfaction to become main factor that the business enterprise obtains the competitive advantage. The manufacturing industry fierce competition of this kind of glob

32、alization urges to born various of the manufacturing technique and new manufacturing philosophies forerunners continuously</p><p>　　Virtual manufacturing just according to the need of the business enterprise

33、 market competition, while emphasize the gentle and fast premise, in the 80's the United States put forward of, along with the development of the computer technique and the information networks technical, get the peo

34、ple's value in 90's, and acquire the quick development.</p><p>　　1 virtual manufacturing</p><p>　　The basic thought of the virtual manufacturing is in the upper stream of the product pro

35、cess- the design stage carry on the conjecture to the product making of the whole process gather, resolving the problem that may appear in the whole stage in this stage, passing to design superior to turn once manufactur

36、ing success of attain the product.</p><p>　　The virtual realistic technique is a dynamic state model that uses the sense organs organization to imitate the true or vain environment of true equipments born or

37、 create a person can the feeling know of environment or actuality, make person can with borrow the intuition function in three D that calculator produce imitates the true model of virtual environment. According to realis

38、tic technical virtual manufacturing technique of conjecture at an unifies the model under gather to the processes suc</p><p>　　The conjecture manufacturing system is the conjecture of each manufacturing func

39、tion to gather, it can see to turn to gather the scope includes and designs various functions of related sub- system, if customer support, engineering analysis, the material chooses to use, the craft plan, work pack anal

40、ysis, fast prototype, even include to make all functions( such as plan, operation, control) of business enterprise to gather.</p><p>　　The conjecture manufacturing system owns all informations of the product

41、 and related manufacturing process, including the conjecture design and making and controling the output data, knowledge and model informations.The virtual control manufacturing system returns to gather to three kinds o

42、f sub- environments of different type according to the function, the system mode that the common composing center three dollar match:</p><p>　　(1)Conjecture manufacturing design center: the one who give des

43、ign provides various tool for the purpose of conjecture design, the conjecture manufacturing, design to match the product model of design the standard( such as DFX);</p><p>　　(2)Conjecture the manufacturing

44、processes the center: Study to develop the product manufacturing process model and the environment models and its nalytical various viable production plan and craft programmingses;</p><p>　　(3)Conjecture man

45、ufacturing control centre:Evaluate the product design, product prototype, produce the plan and make to imitate and control the strategy etc..</p><p>　　2 conjecture manufacturing technique support</p>

46、<p>　　The conjecture manufacturing technique is the system technique that many course synthesize, the hardware that needs to study the development to correspond gather system and software, in regard to the software

47、technique, the related research support is as follows:</p><p>　　Can see to turn: True, keep the view ground to reappear the subjective product and objective manufacturing processes;</p><p>　　Bas

48、ic environment: The to build up can see to turn to gather with other conjecture manufacturing function system terrace;</p><p>　　Information description: Express various information, include data, knowledge

49、and the united method, language righteousness, phrasing of the models;</p><p>　　Win to lie the model: Structure, definition, the model that develop to be easy to to the process break off to get involved;<

50、/p><p>　　The basic level gather the organization structure: Grass-roots organization structure of the hardware and software;</p><p>　　Imitate the true model: True system model of the design in the

51、calculator system;</p><p>　　Applied method: The product abstraction of diverse sex and process dynamic state and common characteristic withdraw;</p><p>　　Make the characteristic: Various materia

52、l makes the variety process in the environment in the conjecture;</p><p>　　Conjecture manufacturing system evaluation: Can make sex, craft, credibility, economy, quantity, the work period...etc..</p>

53、<p>　　2.1 set up the mold technique</p><p>　　The conjecture manufacturing system is an actuality manufacturing system under the virtual environment of reflect to shoot, is a RMS model to turn, the forma

54、lization and calculators turn abstract description and mean. The VMS set up the mold and should include: Produce the information system structure of the model, the product model and the craft model.</p><p>　

55、　(1)Produce the model induces to describe to describe two aspects with dynamic state for the static state. The static state description mean the system production ability and produce the description of the characteristic

56、 .The dynamic state description mean on the foundation that have already known the system appearance and the need characteristic the whole process that the estimate product produce.</p><p>　　(2)The product m

57、odel is to make in the process, each kind of entity object model gather. To VMS, to make all activities within the product implement processes gather, must have the complete product model, so virtual manufacturing under

58、 of product model is not the single static state characteristic model any more, it can pass to reflect to shoot, abstract etc. the method withdraw the product implement in the model that each activity need.</p>&

59、lt;p>　　(3)The craft model hand over the product design that the craft parameter and influences make the function belongs to sex to contact, respond the of produce the model and the product model with each other functi

60、on.The craft model must have the following function:The calculator craft imitate true, manufacturing</p><p>　　Data form, manufacturing programming, the covariance model and physicses and mathematics models.&

61、lt;/p><p>　　2.2 imitate the true technique</p><p>　　Imitate is really applied calculator to complicated of realistic system becomes the system model through abstraction and simplifications, then ci

62、rculate this model on the analytical foundation, thus getting the covariance function of the system a series.</p><p>　　Imitate the really basic step is: Study the system- collections data- establishment the

63、system model- the assurance imitates the true calculate way- build up imitating the true model- circulate imitate the true model- output the result is also analytical.</p><p>　　The product manufacturing proc

64、ess really imitate, can induce for make the system to imitate true and really process the process to imitate. Conjecture manufacturing product within system development involve the product to set up the mimicry true, des

65、ign process programming imitate true, design the thinking process and designs hand over with each other the behavior imitates true etc., in order to as a result carry on the evaluation to the design, realization design p

66、rocess earlier period feedback</p><p>　　2.3 virtual realistic technique</p><p>　　Virtual realistic technique is at for improve the person to hand over with calculator with each other way, output

67、 in the exaltation calculator maneuverability, it is to synthesize to make use of the calculator sketch system, various manifestation and control etc. to connect a people's equipments, providing to sink the technique

68、 of immerse the felling in compute on board born lternant three D environment ( be called the virtual environment)</p><p>　　From the sketch system and various connect a people's equipments to constitute,

69、 use to produce the virtual environment and provide to sink to immerse the felling, and the calculator department that hand over to operate with each other knows together as the virtual realistic system.The virtual reali

70、stic system includes the operation the , machine and person's machine connects 3 essential elements of.Make use of the VRS can carry on the dynamic state mold to the real world, hand over through a cus</p><

71、;p>　　3 the VM is applied in the manufacturing industry</p><p>　　Although in product develop process the application set up the mold and imitate and really can shorten to develop the period consumedly, the

72、 function and credibilities of the improvement product, in the design process of the industry field the actual application combine not much.Imitate the request that the true system can't still adapt the industry fiel

73、d to carry on the analysis and verification etc. in design process currently.</p><p>　　The deluxe engineering imitate the true system and should have the following characteristics:</p><p>　　Thre

74、e complicated spare parts of the D the spare parts connects; Essentially different respond to diverse material of the characteristic; The material is important not the line property, such as: Not Newton's behavior, p

75、lastics transform, splits; Have another mutually phenomenon; Take to have the chemical reaction much and mutually the energy transfer; Move or free boundary; Not line dynamics.</p><p>　　In taking model as ba

76、sal design, carry out the deluxe engineering to imitate the true key technique and can induce as follows:</p><p>　　The customer connects; Stereoscopic shape of analytical type; To the born calculate way of t

77、he hull body and the advanced mesh of the entities;( an analysis use)The error margin of the solution analysis and improvement; Material model; Excellent turn the design of the target function; Face to the software engin

78、eering of the object; The sea quantity proceeds together the calculation; Can see to turn.</p><p>　　These techniques the one who gather get up, can in aid of design carries on the design, the function of the

79、 product that the understanding design come out. Apply the mesh born calculate way, the error margin analysis and calculations of the above-mentioned forerunner, can compose of to adapt the calculate way, making know onl

80、y the organization and don't know the analytical design also can design the product and design the manufacturing process of this product. Can guarantee the analytical accura</p><p>　　The application that

81、 the conjecture manufacturing technique achieve success in the realms, such as airplane and automobile...etc. first. Currently the VMT application at following few aspects:</p><p>　　3.1 virtual business ent

82、erprise</p><p>　　Virtual business enterprise establishment, among them have the most important reason is because each business enterprise can't satisfy the market need alone, greeting the market challeng

83、e.Therefore, for responding to the need of the market quickly, surround the new product development, make use of the existing resources, different business enterprise of the different region or the factory of different l

84、ocations, re- organize a new company.That company must analyze whether combination is superior</p><p>　　3.2 virtual product design</p><p>　　For example the shape design of the airplane, automobi

85、le, whether its shape match the aerodynamicist principle or not, the sport resistance within process, rationality etc. that its internal structure layout.In the complicated piping system design, the one who adopt virtua

86、l technique, design can" enter among them 0 carry on piping's arrange, and can check and can take place the interference. At compute the on board virtual product design, not only can raise to design the efficien

87、cy, but also ca</p><p>　　3.3 virtual product manufacturing</p><p>　　The applied calculator imitates the true technique, processing the method, the work preface to the spare parts in proper order

88、, the work pack of choose to use, the craft parameter chooses to use, processing the craft, assembling the craft, matching with the match between piece, linking the conjunction between piece and exercising a piece of spo

89、rt etc. really all can set up mimicry, can discover to process the blemish in advance, appearing while discovering the assemble in advance of problem, thu</p><p>　　3.4 virtual production line</p><

90、p>　　The product production line of reasonable establishment, human resource, manufacturing resources, material stock, produce to adjust the degree and produce the programming of the system design etc., all can imitate

91、 through a calculator to really carry on excellent turn, at the same time can also carry on the analytical estimate towards producing the system to carry on dependable sex analyze, to the funds of the production line, ca

92、rry on to the product market analytical estimate etc., thus to the </p><p>　　4 conjecture manufacturing system system structure</p><p>　　The CIM gather is pass the physics of, logic of contact i

93、n order to at make of the equipments to deliver the signal, with the huge information flow for all activities" node" that" the net line" glue to connect to rise the business enterprise activity, sprin

94、kle to become one whole piece" the business enterprise machine" together, lowered the business enterprise gentle from each one actually.But the virtual manufacturing then is a numerical model to gather complet

95、ely, provided to have do not in t</p><p>　　The foundation that draws up the solid manufacturing is the theories to the manufacturing process( namely the process that various material becomes the product) and

96、 methods to carry on the thorough understanding.Had these understanding, just may go forward to go to draw up the solid manufacturing in the calculator, thus announce to public various complicated problems of a product m