1、1,Difference between CulturesAllan Peng,2,Culture and language,Culture refers to the total pattern of beliefs, customs, institutions, objects, and techniques that characterize the life of a human community.,3,Differen

2、ce between Cultures,1. 詞匯中的文化差異1.1 概念意義與文化意義完全對應(yīng)1.2 概念意義對應(yīng)，文化意義空缺1.3 概念意義對應(yīng)，語用意義不同2. 成語習(xí)語中的文化差異3. 語用方面的文化差異,4,1. 詞匯中的文化差異,反映中國文化特有的事物和現(xiàn)象的詞語，如“盤古”、“女媧”、“秀才”、“八股文”、“太極拳”、“個體戶”等，雖然在英語里找不到意義完全對等的詞語，卻不是語義轉(zhuǎn)換的主要障礙，通過闡釋或注解總

3、有辦法把它們的意思解釋清楚并傳達(dá)出去，所以上述詞語只能屬于概念意義的空缺，而不列入本章所講的文化意義。文化意義是指詞語意義之外的、能產(chǎn)生聯(lián)想的內(nèi)涵意義。具有這類雙重意義的詞語往往構(gòu)成翻譯的主要障礙，因為它們常常兼指多意，甚至以內(nèi)涵意義為主。這樣的詞語，雖然在英語里能找到概念相同的詞語，卻可能出現(xiàn)文化含義的不對應(yīng)或假對應(yīng)。,5,狗(鄙視)龍(高貴) 紅（喜慶）白（喪服）藍(lán)（純凈）黃（王權(quán)）牧童(悠閑)農(nóng)民(忠厚樸實) 月

4、亮(團(tuán)圓) 宣傳(中性詞),dog(同情)dragon(兇惡)red(暴力)white（婚紗）blue（憂郁、淫穢）yellow（怯懦）cowboy(冒險)peasant(心胸狹窄)moon(虛幻)propaganda(貶義詞),6,1.1 概念意義與文化意義完全對應(yīng),直譯原文的概念意義和文化意義、形象與寓意同時傳達(dá)到譯文當(dāng)中,7,,丟臉露面老手 笑柄 碰壁好心禍不單行 趁熱打鐵 混水摸魚 花錢如

5、流水 一只耳朵聽，一只耳朵冒,to lose face , face -losing to show one 's face , …up an old hand a laughing stock run one 's head against a wall kind –heartedmisfortunes never come singly Strike while the iron is hot. t

6、o fish in troubled watersto spend money like watersto go in at one ear and out at the other,8,姥姥既是這么說，況且當(dāng)日你也見過這姑太太一次，為什么不你老人家明兒就去走一趟，先試試風(fēng)頭兒去？（曹雪芹《紅樓夢》）Since this is your idea, mother, and you‘ve called on the lady bef

7、ore, why not go there tomorrow and see how the wind blows? （楊憲益、戴乃迭譯）三月里劉熏宇來信，說互生病了，而且是沒有希望的病，醫(yī)生說只好等日子了。四月底在《時事新報》上見到立達(dá)學(xué)校的通告，想不到這么快互生就歿了?。ㄖ熳郧濉栋Щド罚㊣n March I heard from Mr . Liu Xunyu that Husheng was sick and hopeless

8、ly sick at that. The doctor said there was nothing he could do but wait for the day to arrive . Toward the end of April , I came across an obituary issued by Lida School …,9,1.2 概念意義對應(yīng)，文化意義空缺,常見于比喻性詞語：原文的詞語在譯入語里有概念意義的對應(yīng)

9、詞，但沒有原文的文化意義詞語的概念意義是手段，比喻意義是目的意譯，或借用英語的喻體,胸有成竹He has long had fully-grown bamboo in his bosom.He has long had a well-thought-out plan in his mind.,10,接著他們用繩子五花大綁，把節(jié)振國捆得象個粽子似的，又是一陣拳打腳踢。節(jié)振國的嘴里鼻孔里鮮血直冒。（王義《赤膽忠心》）They ga

10、ve him a good cuff and kick, trussed him up like a fowl and then went on walloping and kicking him till his nose and mouth were a bloody pulp.老王和我算是柳家大院最“文明”的人了?！拔拿鳌笔侨龑O子。（老舍《柳家大院》）Old Wang and I are considered the gent

11、eel folk in the compound. Gentility be hanged! (Gentility be blowed! Gentility, the deuce take it !),11,,“哦，交杯盞還沒吃，倒上頭了！”霍譯：“Fancy! Doing her hair already---before you’ve even drunk the marriage-cup!” 楊譯：“Fancy! You ha

12、ven’t yet drunk the bridal cup but already you’re doing her hair.”,12,心較比干多一竅，病如西子勝三分。（《紅樓夢》）霍譯：She had more chambers in her heart than the martyred Bi Gan; And suffered a tithe more pain in it than the beautiful Xi Shi

13、.楊譯：She looked more sensitive than Pikan , more delicate than Hsi Shih.（趙辛楣）一肚皮的酒，幾乎全化成酸醋......（錢鐘書《圍城》）The wine in Hsin-mei's stomach turned to sour vinegar in his jealousy.The considerable amount of wine Hsin-m

14、ei had consumed earlier was burning inside and made him sick with jealousy.,13,1.3 概念意義對應(yīng)，語用意義不同,一見面是寒暄，寒暄之后說我“胖了”，說我“胖了”之后大罵其新黨。（魯迅《祝?！罚￤hen we met , after exchanging a few polite remarks he said I was fatter, and afte

15、r saying that immediately started a violent attack on the revolutionaries. (Foreign Languages Press)After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met , he observed that I looked "fat", and having made that com

16、plimentary remark he launched a violent attack on the revolutionaries.,14,毛主席問陳妻：“你們倆感情好不好？”陳妻答：“好?！敝飨犃烁械椒浅８吲d。Then Chairman Mao talked with Chen's wife. He was pleased to know that they had a happy home life. （鳳姐：

17、）“這通身的氣派竟不像老祖宗的外孫女兒，竟是嫡新的孫女兒似的。”（《紅樓夢》）霍譯： "And everything about her so distingue! She doesn't take after your side of the family, Grannie, she's more like a Jia.”楊譯： "Her whole air is so distinguishe

18、d! She doesn't take after her father, son-in-law of our Old Ancestress, but more like a Jia.",15,2. 成語習(xí)語中的文化差異,成語、習(xí)語的結(jié)構(gòu)、語義和用法在很大程度受到所處具體文化環(huán)境的制約，能夠比較突出地反映文化的差異。成語、習(xí)語的理解超出了文字的本意，其交際價值在于語用意義，具有強(qiáng)烈的文化特征。,16,只因薛蟠是天性“

19、得隴望蜀”的，如今娶了金桂，又見金桂的丫頭寶蟾有三分姿色，舉止輕浮可愛，便時常要茶要水的，故意撩逗她。（《紅樓夢》）楊譯：Now Hsuch Pan was a living example of the saying “To covet the land of Shu after getting the region of Lung.” After marrying Chin-kuei, he was struck by her m

20、aid Pao-chan’s charms. As she seemed approachable as well as alluring, he often flirted with her when asking her to fetch him tea or water. 霍譯：Xue Pan was in some respects like the general of old idiom ‘conquest breeds

21、appetite for further conquest’, for when, after his marriage to Jin-gui, he discovered that she had an attractive, rather coquettish maid called Moon¬beam, he was continually calling to her to bring him things -cups

22、 of tea and the like - so as to have an opportunity of flirting with her.,17,那個寶玉是個‘丈八的燈臺——照見人家，瞧不見自己的’的，只知嫌人家臟。這是他的房子，由著你們糟蹋，越不成體統(tǒng)了。（《紅樓夢》）楊譯：As for Baoyu, he’s like a ten-foot lamp stand that sheds light on others but

23、 none on itself. He complains that other people are dirty, yet leaves you to turn his own rooms topsy-turvy. Disgraceful, I call it.” 霍譯：And as for Bao-yu: he’s like a six-foot lamp stand that lights up others but stays

24、 dark itself; for he’s always on about how dirty other people are, but look at the mess he allows you to make of his own room! It’s a disgrace!’,,18,3. 語用方面的文化差異,語用意義與文化環(huán)境關(guān)系密切，以特定的社會文化背景為前提的；失去這個大背景，原有的語用意義就無從體現(xiàn)，或在不同文化背景

25、中被賦予始料不及的其他意義。涉及社會應(yīng)酬與人際關(guān)系的詞語有獨特的民族文化,中國文化的“自貶”與“客氣”“寒舍”、“菲酌”、“薄酒”、“敝人”、“竊以為”、“愚見”……“您”、“令尊”、“令堂”、“貴舍”、“鴻論”……中國文化的以老為尊“老李”表示親熱， “李老”表示恭敬中國文化的含蓄內(nèi)斂“不敢當(dāng)”、“有愧”、“過獎”、“哪里哪里”,19,,歡迎，歡迎(幸會；久仰)慚愧(不敢當(dāng)，哪里),Glad to meet you

26、.I'm pleased to see you. It's such a pleasure to see you.I'm pleased that you think so.I'm pleased to hear that. You flatter me.Thank you for your compliment.,20,,您太客氣(讓你破費，不好意思)請笑納(別嫌棄，一點意思)多謝(有勞

27、您呢，累您了)別客氣(別見外，沒什么),It's so lovely!Thank you for the gift.I hope you will like it.Please accept it.Thanks.Many, many thanks. I'm much obliged.Don't mention it.It's a pleasure. Not at all. You&

28、#39;re welcome. Never mind.,21,,勞駕(請問，有勞您)沒錯。完全同意 該死！沒門兒！,Excuse me...Could you be so kind as to ... Would you please...? May I trouble yo

29、u... Would you mind...?You bet.No mistake. Certainly.I couldn't agree more.How right you are!Damn it.No way.,22,,慢走(再會；保重；有空來玩兒)一路順風(fēng)！不見不散??！恭喜發(fā)財！,Good-bye.Take care. See you. Do come again.Plain sai

30、ling.Have a good journey. May the favorable wind accompany you.Please be there on time.Till then. See you.Good luck!,23,Compare,“白象”

31、 “芳草”“金三角”“金雞”,“White Elephant”White elephant" means a costly or troublesome possession useless to its owner.Baixiang" or "Silver Elephant”"Fang Cao'" The translite

32、ration "fang" is a homonym of English word "fang", meaning snake's poison-tooth.“Fragrant Grass”" a Golden Triangle”The phrase "Golden Triangle' is customarily used to refer to a

33、n area in Southeast Asia, famous for drug.“Golden Delta”“Gold Cock”The English "cock" has acquired a jesting, pejorative sense.Golden Rooster”,24,中國是個大陸國家，幅員遼闊，地大物博英國是一個島國，歷史上航海業(yè)比較發(fā)達(dá)，反映在語言中就出現(xiàn)了許多與海洋、船

34、和水有關(guān)的短語。,地域文化特色,黔驢技窮人心齊，泰山移不到黃河心不死不到長城非好漢福如東海，壽比南山,all at sea（不知所措）burn one’s boats（破釜沉舟）sail before the wind（順風(fēng)航行）keep one’s head above water（奮力圖存）,25,宗教文化特色,周瑞家的聽了笑道：”阿彌陀佛，真坑死人的事兒！等十年都未必這樣巧的呢?！?（曹雪芹《紅樓夢》）楊譯：“Gr

35、acious Buddha!” Mrs. Zhou chuckled. “How terrible chancy! You might wait for ten years without such a run of luck.” 霍譯：“God bless my soul!” Zhou Rui’s wife exclaimed. “You would certainly need some patience! Why, you mi

36、ght wait ten years before getting all those things at the proper times.” 世人都曉神仙好，惟有功名忘不了！（曹雪芹《紅樓夢》）楊譯：All men long to be immortals, yet to riches and rank each aspires; 霍譯：Men all know that salvation should be won, bu