1、Unit1Outlinesareessentialtoeffectivespeeches.Byoutliningyoumakesurethatrelatedideasaretogetherthatyourthoughtsflowfromonetoanotherthatthestructureofyourspeechiscoherent.Youwillprobablyusetwokindsofoutlinesfyourspeechesth

2、edetailedpreparationoutlinethebriefspeakingoutline.Inapreparationoutlineyoushouldstateyourspecificpurposecentralideaidentifymainpointssubpointsusingaconsistentpattern.Thespeakingoutlineshouldconsistofbriefnotestohelpyouw

3、hileyoudeliverthespeech.Itshouldcontainkeywdsphrasestobolsteryourmemy.Inmakingupyourspeakingoutlinefollowthesamevisualframewkusedinyourpreparationoutline.Keepthespeakingoutlineasbriefaspossiblebesureitisplainlylegible.發(fā)言

4、提綱是有效發(fā)言的基礎(chǔ)。通過(guò)寫發(fā)言提綱，你可以確保你的想法是關(guān)聯(lián)的，你的思路從一點(diǎn)談到另一點(diǎn)，你的講話結(jié)構(gòu)是連貫的，通常準(zhǔn)備演講你可以采用兩種提綱方式：詳細(xì)準(zhǔn)備提綱和簡(jiǎn)單發(fā)言提綱。在準(zhǔn)備提綱中，應(yīng)該寫出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以連貫的方式確定主要觀點(diǎn)和次要觀點(diǎn)。發(fā)言提綱應(yīng)該由簡(jiǎn)要的提要組成，這些提要在你講話時(shí)能夠給你一些幫助。發(fā)言提綱還應(yīng)包括幫助你記憶的重點(diǎn)詞或重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)。在寫發(fā)言提綱時(shí)，可采用準(zhǔn)備提綱的模式，盡可能使你的發(fā)言提綱簡(jiǎn)要，同

5、時(shí)，要確保提綱清晰、易于辨認(rèn)。當(dāng)你發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)演講時(shí)，首先要做好充分的準(zhǔn)備；其次，你演講的主要觀點(diǎn)要明確，層次要清楚。演講時(shí)，語(yǔ)速不要過(guò)快，語(yǔ)言要清晰。不要總是在讀你準(zhǔn)備好的稿子。最后，你應(yīng)該經(jīng)?？匆幌履愕穆?tīng)眾。這樣，一方面你對(duì)你的聽(tīng)眾表示尊重，另一方面，你可以更順利地進(jìn)行你的演講。Befeyoudeliveranacademicspeechyoushouldfirstofalgetwellpreparedfit.Thenyoushould

6、makeyourmajpointsclearinyourspeechyourspeechshouldbewellganized.Whenspeakingyoushouldnotspeaktoofastyourlanguageshouldbeexplicit.Don’talwaysreadthenotesyoupreparedbefeh.Fromtimetotimeyoushouldlookatyouraudience.Ononehyou

7、canshowyourrespecttoyouraudienceontheotherhyouwillbeabletogoonwithyourspeechmesmoothly.Unit2Energyhasadualrelationshipwithhumanwellbeing.Fmostofhumanhistymanhasbeenconcernedmainlyaboutthebenefitsideoftheenergy－wellbeinge

8、quationthanktothelowcostsinvolvedinenergyuse.Howeverwiththestaggeringscaleofenergydembroughtfthby100yearsofunprecedentedpopulationgrowthcoupledwithanequallyremarkablegrowthinpercapitademofindustrialenergyfmsenergyentails

9、increasinglyhighercostsbothexternalinternalized.Ontheonehenergyresourcesarereducingatanacceleratingspeedenergysupplyrequireshigherinput.Ontheotherhtheexternalcostsseemmewrisome周日，斯普林菲爾德的一對(duì)夫婦，58歲的喬恩鮑爾和59歲的詹尼特。鮑爾在南格林斯頓大道的2

10、400街區(qū)被車撞死。據(jù)警察講述，上午十點(diǎn)左右，喬恩鮑爾南行的2001現(xiàn)代圣達(dá)菲擦邊撞上了一輛同樣往南開(kāi)的1995年生產(chǎn)的克萊斯勒斯柔斯，司機(jī)是27歲的查德。羅德，來(lái)自阿肯色州的山居。喬恩。鮑爾的車?yán)^續(xù)南行，撞在斯普林菲爾德國(guó)家公墓的磚墻上，有撞上了一根公用電線桿。斯普林菲爾德消防隊(duì)把這對(duì)夫妻從車?yán)锢鰜?lái)，詹特妮。鮑爾被當(dāng)場(chǎng)宣布死亡，喬恩。鮑爾不省人事，被送到圣約翰地區(qū)醫(yī)療中心，之后也被宣布死亡。警察在調(diào)查現(xiàn)場(chǎng)時(shí)交通被關(guān)閉了四小時(shí)。美國(guó)的

11、研究人員使用了一種模擬駕駛器，觀察40名志愿者分別在手持手機(jī)通話?cǎi){駛、酒后駕駛以及專心駕駛的過(guò)程。結(jié)果顯示：共有三名志愿者發(fā)生追尾事故，司機(jī)當(dāng)時(shí)均在打手機(jī)狀態(tài)下。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：無(wú)論手機(jī)是否處于免提狀態(tài)，司機(jī)在通話狀態(tài)下會(huì)放慢車速。此外，采取剎車措施的反應(yīng)速度也會(huì)減慢9%，二剎車后加速的速度又會(huì)減慢19%。UsingadrivingsimulatsomeUSresearchersstudiedthedrivingof40people.Some

12、ofthemdrovewhiletalkingonacellphoneothersnavigatedwhiledrunkothersdrovewithnosuchdistractionsimpairments.Theresultsshowedthattherewerethreeaccidentsinwhichthedriversweretalkingoncellphonesalloftheminvolvingarearending.Th

13、eresearchhasfoundthatthosetalkingonthephonewhiledrivingaremesluggish.Inadditiontalkingonthecellphonecanreducereactiontimeby9percentintermsofbraking19percentintermsofpickingupspeedafterbraking.Unit4Perhapsitisoursocialcon

14、ceptofwhatisfemininewhatismulinethatreinfcesthestereotypethatwomentalkmethanmenevencausesthesedifferentpatternsofcommunication.Maybeawomanislabeledtalkativeiscriticizedfinterruptingifshedoesitatallbecauseourcultureaswell

15、asmanyotherculturesteachesthatwomenshouldbequietiftheywanttobe“feminine.”Perhapsmulinecultureencouragesboysmentodominatetalktointerruptmeoftenmaleswhotalkalotinterruptoftenarenotcriticizedfdoingso.Thesedifferencesinthepa

16、tternsofcommunicationstylesofcommunicatingarestudiedbyexpertswhostudytheeffectsofgenderoncommunication.Theystudytheseeffectsindertounderstwhymisunderstingsoccurbetweenmenwomeninconversation.Oftenit’sbecausetheirstylespat

17、ternsofconersationaresodifferent.Itisimptantthatwelearntorecognizethesedifferencessothatwecanlearntocommunicatebetterwithpeopleoftheothergender.或許正是我們的男女社會(huì)觀念加深了女人比男人話多這一模式化印象，甚至導(dǎo)致這些不同溝通方式的出現(xiàn)。如果一個(gè)女人真的在別人說(shuō)話時(shí)插嘴，她或許會(huì)被認(rèn)為是話多，或