1、1第一單元Whatislinguistics什么是語(yǔ)言學(xué)？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguagesingeneral.Thescopeoflinguistics語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究的范疇Phoics語(yǔ)音學(xué)Phonology音系學(xué)Mphology形態(tài)學(xué)Syntax句法學(xué)Semant

2、ics語(yǔ)義學(xué)Pragmatics語(yǔ)用學(xué)Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)Psycholinguistics心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)Appliedlinguistics應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)Phoics語(yǔ)音學(xué)：thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofabranchoflinguisticscalledphoicsPhonology音系學(xué):aslinguistsb

3、ecameinterestedinhowsoundsputtogetherusedtoconveymeaningincommunicationtheydevelopedanotherbranchofstudyrelatedtosoundscalledphonology.Mphology形態(tài)學(xué):thestudyofthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearrangedfmwdshasconstitutedthebranc

4、hofstudycalledmphology.Syntax句法學(xué):thecombinationofthesewdstofmpermissiblesentencesinlanguagesisgovernedbyrulesthestudyoftheserulesconstitutesamajbranchoflinguisticsstudiesSemantics語(yǔ)義學(xué):thestudyofmeaningwasgraduallydevelope

5、dbecameknownassemanticsPragmatics語(yǔ)用學(xué):whenthestudyofmeaningisconductednotinisolaionbutinthecontextofuseitbecomesanotherbranchoflinguisticstudycalledpragmaticsSociolinguistics社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué):thestudyofallthesesocialaspectsoflanguage

6、itsrelationwithsocietyfmtheceofthebranchcalledsociolinguisticsPsycholinguistics心理語(yǔ)言學(xué):PsycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychologyAppliedlinguistics應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué):findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolution

7、ofsuchpracticalproblemsastherecoveryofspeechability.thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguisticsOtherrelatedbranchsincludeanthropologicallinguisticsneurologicallinguisticsmathematicallinguisticscomputat

8、ionallinguistics.Someimptantdistinctionsinlinguistics。人類學(xué)神經(jīng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)數(shù)理語(yǔ)言學(xué)計(jì)算語(yǔ)言學(xué)1.PreivevsDeive規(guī)定性與描述性Deive：alinguisticstudydescribesanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Preive:itaimslaydownrulesf“crect”behavi.Modernlinguisticsi

9、sdeiveitsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticmainlyspokendata.Traditionalgrammarispreiveitisbasedon“high”writtenlanguage2.Synchronicvs.diachronic共時(shí)性與歷史性ThedeionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyThedeionofalangua

10、geasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudyInmodernlinguisticssynchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriityoverdiachronicstudy.3.Speechwriting口頭語(yǔ)與書面語(yǔ)Speechenjoyspriityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyfthefollowingreasons:(1)speechp

11、recedeswritingintermsofevolution(2)alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechtaninwriting(3)speechisthefminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage4.Languageparole語(yǔ)言與言語(yǔ)Languagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemshared

12、byallthemembersofaspeechcommunityParolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualpetenceperfmance能力與運(yùn)用Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusers’knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerfmance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinl

13、inguisticcommunicationWhatislanguage什么是語(yǔ)言？Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfhumancommunication3Thevowels(monophthongsdiphthongs)元音（單元音&雙元音）Theconsonants輔音Broadtranion:tranionwithlettersymbolsonly.(indictionari

14、esteachingtextbooks)用一個(gè)符號(hào)來表示一個(gè)語(yǔ)音的標(biāo)音方式叫做寬式標(biāo)音法，這種音標(biāo)法常見于詞典和教科書。Narrowtranion:thetranionwithdiacritics.但實(shí)際上，同一語(yǔ)音在不通的語(yǔ)音環(huán)境中的發(fā)音不盡相同，比如Pit和spit中的P音發(fā)音就不一樣。在寬式標(biāo)音的基礎(chǔ)上，再用變音符號(hào)表示同一語(yǔ)音在不同的語(yǔ)音環(huán)境下不同發(fā)音的標(biāo)音法叫做窄式標(biāo)音法。ClassificationofEnglishspee

15、chsounds英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)音的分類vowelsconstantsThebasicdifferencebetweenavowelaconstantisthatinthepronunciationofthefmertheairthatcomesfromthelungsmeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroatthenosethemouthwhileinthatofthelatteritisobstruc

16、tedinonewayanother.Consonants:thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairsteamatsomepointofthevocaltract.Vowels:thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatscomeveryclosetogethertheairstreampassesthroughthe

17、vocaltractwithoutobstruction.ClassificationofEnglishconstantsClassificationintwoways:intermsofmannerofarticulation:stopsfricativesaffricatesnasalsliquidsglides.:intermsofplaceofarticulation:bilabiallabiodentaldentalalveo

18、larpalatalvelarglottal.ClassificationofEnglishvowels英語(yǔ)元音的分類:thepositionofthetongueinthemouth舌位高低(classificationof3groups:frontcentralback):theopennessofthemouth口的張開程度(classificationof4groups:closevowelssemiclosevowelssem