1、<p>　　Quality Control Fundamentals</p><p><b>　　Quality</b></p><p>　　Quality has become one of the most important consume decision factors in the selection among competing produc

2、ts and service. The phenomenon is widespread, regardless of whether the consume is an individual, an industrial organization, a retail store, or a military defense. Consequently, understanding and improving quality is a

3、key factor leading to business success, growth, and an enhanced competitive position. There is a substantial return on integral part of overall business strategy.</p><p>　　We may define quality in many ways.

4、 Most people have a conceptual understanding of quality as relating to one or more desirable characteristics that a product or service should possess. Although this conceptual understanding is certainly a useful starting

5、 point, we will give a more precise and useful definition. According to the definition that the American quantity manages the association, the quantity is the combination of the characteristic and characteristic that the

6、 product or services can </p><p>　　Many in the past of the design target of the quantity system is, in each one process stage, qualified product and unqualified product distinctions open. Those were judge fo

7、r the unqualified product and must pass by to re- process to satisfy the technique request. If they can't be re- processed, should be the waste processing. This kind of system was call of the examination modification

8、 system, in this kind of system, only have while carrying on to the product the examination, or be When the cust</p><p>　　re that programming and establishments arise problem.</p><p>　　● Quality

9、–characteristic or property consisting of several well-defined technical and aesthetic, hence subjective, consideration; conformance to design requirements.</p><p>　　● Quality control--detecting poor quality

10、 in manufactured products and taking corrective action to eliminate it.</p><p>　　The traditional definition of quality is based on the viewpoint that product and service must meet the requirements of those w

11、ho use them. Therefore, Quality means fitness for use.</p><p>　　There are two general aspects of fitness for use: quality of design and quality of conformance.</p><p>　　● Quality by design inten

12、t refers to the various grades or quality that is intentionally determined by design. All goods and services are produced in various grades or levels grades or levels of quality. These variations in grades or levels of q

13、uality are intentional, and, consequently, the appropriate term is quality of design.</p><p>　　● Quality of conformance refers to how well the product conforms to specifications required by design.</p>

14、;<p>　　Quality of conformance is influenced by a number of factor, including the choice of manufacturing processes, the training and supervision of the workforce, the type of quality-assurance system used, the ext

15、ent to which these quality-assurance procedures are followed, and the motivation of the workforce to achieve quality.</p><p>　　The quantity management is an assurance to carry out all management of the quant

16、ity policy suddenly. The quantity management is the job of the high manager. This work includes the strategy programming, the resources assigns to program the activity with the quantity that have something to do with it.

17、</p><p>　　The quality control included in order to keep the product or ministrant quantities, make it be able to satisfy to rule the demanding product or service with the appropriate trust must of have the p

18、lan and built-up activities all. These or the dynamic target is a trust that provides and can work normally to the material system for person, and include the evaluation to design the project and techniques to request th

19、e appropriate or to produce the check of the homework ability. The target of the in</p><p>　　The manager's a basic job pursues the quantity improvement unremittingly. Should know in nowadays of market, t

20、he quantity is a from the customers to the product increases the high expectation increasingly drive of dynamic state target. The quantity activity must carry out the work of company everyday. Traditional way of doing is

21、 to some a certain appropriate quantity grade of product, then concentrate all powers to make the product satisfy this grade. This kind of method is not suitable for in u</p><p>　　Satisfying or expecting for

22、 a kind of product the end evaluation of the quality degree for be worth is to be made by the customer and the customers, and would be under the influence of can sell the of same race product toward these customers and c

23、ustomer of rival. This end evaluation is according to product of at whole use the performance in the period to make, not only and only according to rise while purchase of function do, know this very important.</p>

24、<p>　　Though assurance that the quantity controls big and parts of works of the grade are adoptions all rate theory and the application that statistics calculation to carry on appropriate of and precision of data c

25、ollect the process provide for this work also is count for much. The data that provides the mistake will make the milli- that the best covariance work procedure change nonsense. Process the process with the machine simil

26、ar, collect examine the data is also a process that has the precision, a</p><p>　　For acquiring the most valid improvement result, the manager should understand the quantity and costs to repair with each oth

27、er of, not self-contradictory. In the tradition, to the manager's suggestion is to must do a choice between the quantity and cost. This kind of method is called the compromised judgment. This is because of for the pr

28、oduct that quantity like, its cost want to be higher by all means, and it produce the difficulty also more and greatly. Currently, the experience in the whole </p><p>　　The manager's a basic job pursues

29、the quantity improvement unremittingly. Should know in nowadays of market, the quantity is from the customers to the product increases the high expectation increasingly drive of dynamic state target. The quantity activit

30、y must carry out the work of company everyday. Traditional way of doing is to some a certain appropriate quantity grade of product, Then concentrate all powers to make the product satisfy this grade. This kind of method

31、is not suitable for in use</p><p>　　Satisfying or expecting for a kind of product the end evaluation of the quality degree for be worth is to be made by the customer and the customers, and would be under the

32、 influence of can sell the of same race product toward these customers and customer of rival. This end evaluation is according to product of at whole use the performance in the period to make, not only and only according

33、 to rise while purchase of function do, know this very important.</p><p>　　Though assurance that the quantity controls big and parts of works of the grade are adoptions all rate theory and the application th

34、at statistics calculation to carry on appropriate of and precision of data collect the process provide for this work also is count for much. The data that provides the mistake will make the milli- that the best covarianc

35、e work procedure change nonsense. Process the process with the machine similar, collect examine the data is also a process that has the precision, a</p><p>　　For acquiring the most valid improvement result,

36、the manager should understand the quantity and costs to repair with each other of, not self-contradictory. In the tradition, to the manager's suggestion is to must do a choice between the quantity and cost. This kind

37、 of method is called the compromised judgment. This is because of for the product that quantity like, its cost want to be higher by all means, and it produce the difficulty also more and greatly. Currently, the experienc

38、e in the whole </p><p>　　Unfortunately this definition has become associated more with the conformance aspect of quality than with design. This is in part due to the lack of formal education most designers a

39、nd engineer receive in quality engineering methodology. This also leads to much less focus on the customer and more of a “conformance-to-specifications” approach to quality .regardless of whether the product, even when p

40、roduced to standards, was actually “fit-for-use” by the customer,. Also, there is still a widespre</p><p>　　We prefer a modern definition of quality: Quality is inversely proportional to variability. Note th

41、at this definition implies that if variability in the important characteristics of a product decreases, the quality of the product increases. As an example of the operational effectiveness of this definition , a few yea

42、rs ago, one of the automobile companies in the Unite State performed a comparative study of a transmission that was manufactured that and by a Japanese supplier.</p><p>　　An analysis of warranty claims and r

43、epair costs indicated that there was a striking difference between the two sources of production, with the Japanese-produced transmission having much lower costs. As part of the study to discover the cause of this differ

44、ence in cost and performance, the company selected random samples, the company selected random samples of transmissions from each plant, disassembled them, and measured several critical characteristics.</p><p&

45、gt;　　There are two obvious questions here: Why did the Japanese do this? How did they do this? Reduced variability has directly translated into lower costs. Furthermore, the Japanese built transmissions shifted gears mo

46、re smoothly, ran more quietly, and were generally perceived by the customer as superior to those built domestically. Fewer repairs and warranty claims means less rework and the reduction of wasted time, effect, and money

47、. Thus, quality truly is inversely proportional to variability.</p><p>　　How did the Japanese do this? The answer lies in the systematic and effective use of the methods described in this text.</p>&l

48、t;p>　　Dimension of quality </p><p>　　The quality of a product can be evaluated by several ways. It is often very important to differentiate these different dimensions of quality. Garvin provides an excell

49、ent discussion of eight components or dimensions of quality as follows: </p><p>　　● Performance-product does intended job </p><p>　　● Reliability--product is available for service </p>&

50、lt;p>　　● Durability--product lasts for a reasonable time </p><p>　　● Serviceability--product is easy to repair/service </p><p>　　● Aesthetics--product has acceptable/appearance </p>&l

51、t;p>　　● Features--product has capabilities beyond basic performance </p><p>　　● Perceived quality-product & company have good reputation; measured by customer loyalty</p><p>　　● Conforman

52、ce to standards--product made consistent with designer intent </p><p>　　Quality Improvement </p><p>　　Quality improvement is the reduction of variability in processes and products. Excessive var

53、iability in process performance often results in waste. For example, consider the waste money, time, and effort that is associated with the repairs. Therefore, an alternate and highly useful definition is that quality im

54、provement is the reduction of waste.</p><p>　　Implementing quality improvement: management must </p><p>　　● evaluate dimensions of quality as they pertain to their business objective;</p>

55、<p>　　● think strategically about quality;</p><p>　　● recognize critical role of suppliers in quality management strategies;</p><p>　　● recognize that everyone in the organization is respo

56、nsible for quality;</p><p>　　●recognize that statistical quality control techniques communicate both problem &solutions;</p><p>　　● implement effective quality improvement programs to their

57、business;</p><p>　　● total quality management;</p><p>　　●quality improvement benefits--business growth; enhanced competition; cost reduction; reduced product liability; improved productivity.<

58、;/p><p>　　Quality Engineering Terminology</p><p>　　Every product possesses a number of elements that jointly describe what the use or consume thinks of as quality. These parameters are often called

59、 quality characteristics.</p><p>　　● Quality characteristics--physical; sensory; time orientation; can be attributes or variables.</p><p>　　● Quality engineering-the set of operational, m

60、anagerial and engineering activities used to endure that to ensure that quality c characteristics of a product are at nominal or the required levels. </p><p>　　● Statistical methods--applied to measure varia

61、bility.</p><p>　　● Specifications-desired measurements for product’s quality characteristics, value for characteristics; value bounded by allowable limits, namely, upper specifications limit and lower specif

62、ication limit; value outside limits are considered to be nonconforming, hence, product is defective.</p><p>　　●Concurrent engineering--multi-disciplinary, team-based approach to design.</p><p>　

63、　History of Quality Methodology </p><p>　　Quality always has been an integral part or virtually all products and service. However, our awareness of its importance and introduction of formal methods of qualit

64、y control and improvement have been an evolutionary development.</p><p>　　Statistical Methods </p><p>　　Statistical process control: use control charts to reduce variability & maintain measu

65、re of process quality within acceptable limits, namely, upper control limit and lower control limit.</p><p>　　Statistical designed experiment: use to discover key variables that influence quality characteris

66、tics of interest; systematically vary process controllable input factors to determine their effects on output product parameters.</p><p>　　Process modeling : captures the relationship between input and outpu

67、t variables of process; statistical techniques, such as regression or time-series analyses, also, neural network techniques, used to determine the nature & magnitude of adjustments required to bring process back into

68、 control </p><p>　　Acceptance sampling: inspection & classification of sampled units, selected at random, from larger batch of product for the purpose of determining disposition of lot; decision may be t

69、o accept, reject, or rework lot; emphasizes conformance to requirements approach to quality control.</p><p>　　Manufacturing Process Characteristic</p><p>　　● Random variations-caused by variabil

70、ity among operator, raw materials, machine vibrations, and environmental changes; usually uncontrollable; regarded as process; regarded as process noise; no particular pattern trend.</p><p>　　● Assignable va

71、riations- exception from normal operating condition, e.g., operator mistake; defective raw materials; tool failures; machine malfunctions, can be traced to specific cause.</p><p>　　Machining process are capa

72、ble of tolerance of ±0.002 in, e.g., sand castings generally have tolerances of 10 to 20 times those used for machined part.</p><p>　　Total Quality Management</p><p>　　Total quality managem

73、ent is a strategy for implementing and managing quality improvement activities on organization-wide basis. Total Quality Management began in early 1980s, with the philosophies of Deming and Japan as the focal point. It e

74、volved into a broader spectrum of concepts and ideas, involving participative organizations and work culture, customer focus, supplier quality improvement, integration of quality system with business goals, and many othe

75、r activities to focus all elements of t</p><p><b>　　控制質(zhì)量的原則</b></p><p><b>　　質(zhì)量</b></p><p>　　質(zhì)量在競爭產(chǎn)品和服務之中已經(jīng)變得最重要的選擇中消費決定因素之一。這種現(xiàn)象是廣大而有普遍的，不管無論那個消費是個體，一個工業(yè)的組織，

76、一間零售商店或軍事的防衛(wèi)。結(jié)果，了解而且改良質(zhì)量是對生意成功生長和一個可提高的競爭位置的領先的主要因素。有在全部生意策略的整體部份上的實質(zhì)上的回返。</p><p>　　我們可能以許多方式定義質(zhì)量。大多數(shù)的人當做有關有質(zhì)量的概念上理解一或一個產(chǎn)品或服務應該持有的比較令人想要的特性。雖然概念上的理解確定地是一個有用的出發(fā)點但是我們將會給一種較精確和更有用的定義。根據(jù)美國質(zhì)量管理協(xié)會的定義，質(zhì)量是產(chǎn)品或服務能夠滿足規(guī)

77、定需求而具有的特性和特征的組合。這個定義表明，應該首先確定顧客的需求，因為滿足這些需求是達到質(zhì)量目標的關鍵。然后應該把顧客的需求轉(zhuǎn)化為產(chǎn)品的特征和特性，并據(jù)此進行設計工作和定制產(chǎn)品的技術要求。</p><p>　　許多過去的質(zhì)量體系的設計目標是，在各個加工階段中，將合格的產(chǎn)品和不合格的產(chǎn)品區(qū)分開來。那些被判定為不合格的產(chǎn)品必須經(jīng)過重新加工以滿足技術要求。如果它們不能被重新加工，就應該被當成廢料處理。這種體系被稱之

78、檢測修改體系，在這種體系中，只有在對產(chǎn)品進行檢測時，或者當用戶使用時，才會發(fā)現(xiàn)其中存在的問題。由于檢查人員本身固有的因素所決定，這種分類檢測的有效性不高，目前，預防型質(zhì)量體系得到了越來越廣泛的應用。在這種體系中，為了避免發(fā)生質(zhì)量問題，首先強調(diào)對產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的各個階段進行合理的規(guī)劃和制定發(fā)生問題的措施</p><p>　　●質(zhì)量－－有一些定義明確的技術上的和美學的特性或財產(chǎn)方面，去主觀的考慮著去順應設計消費者的需求。&

79、lt;/p><p>　　●質(zhì)量控制—不斷地發(fā)現(xiàn)制造品的差的質(zhì)量，而且不斷的修改來改善它的質(zhì)量。</p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)定義的質(zhì)量以服務（使用要求）一定符合那些使用他們的人需求觀點為基礎的那一種產(chǎn)品，因此，質(zhì)量對于使用者意味著適合于應用。</p><p>　　為使用有二個一般適合的方面：設計質(zhì)量和合適的質(zhì)量。</p><p>　　●質(zhì)量提及各種不

80、同的等級或企圖地被設計決定的設計意圖的質(zhì)量。所有的貨物和售后服務在質(zhì)量的各種不同的等級或水平中被生產(chǎn)。質(zhì)量的等級或水平的這些變化是要達到預定的意圖和結(jié)果，適當?shù)钠谙奘窃O計中質(zhì)量的保證。</p><p>　　●質(zhì)量提及到如何完善產(chǎn)品主要藉著設計者在（多大程度上）遵照必需達到的規(guī)格。</p><p>　　適合消費者的質(zhì)量被若干因素影響，包括制造過程中程序的選擇，訓練和勞動力的監(jiān)督，使用過的質(zhì)量

81、保證系統(tǒng)的類型，這些質(zhì)量保證的程序被依照的規(guī)定范圍和勞動力的動機共同達成質(zhì)量所需求的規(guī)格。</p><p>　　質(zhì)量管理是確定實施質(zhì)量方針的全部管理。質(zhì)量管理是高層管理人員的職責。這項工作包括戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃、資源分配和與之有關的質(zhì)量規(guī)劃活動。</p><p>　　質(zhì)量保證包括了為保持產(chǎn)品或服務的質(zhì)量，使其能滿足規(guī)定需求的產(chǎn)品或服務以適當信任所必須的全部有計劃和組織的活動。這些或動的目標是給人提供

82、對物質(zhì)體系能夠正常工作的信任，而且包括對設計方案和技術要求妥善性的評價或者對生產(chǎn)作業(yè)能力的檢查。內(nèi)部質(zhì)量的目標在于使公司的管理人員對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量具有信心，而外部質(zhì)量擔保的目的在于向公司產(chǎn)品的用戶們在產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量方面做出擔保。</p><p>　　管理人員的一個基本職責是不懈的追求質(zhì)量改善。應該認識到在當今的市場中，質(zhì)量是一個由顧客們對產(chǎn)品日益增高的期望所驅(qū)動的動態(tài)目標。質(zhì)量行動必須落實到公司每天的工作上。傳統(tǒng)的做法是對某

83、一產(chǎn)品確定一個適當?shù)馁|(zhì)量等級，然后集中全部力量使產(chǎn)品滿足這個等級。這種方法不適合于在長期的生產(chǎn)中使用。與之相反，管理人員應該給企業(yè)確定這樣的方向：一旦某中產(chǎn)品達到了適當?shù)馁|(zhì)量等級后，還應該對其進行不斷的改進，使其達到更高的質(zhì)量等級。</p><p>　　對于一種產(chǎn)品滿足或期望值的好壞程度的最終評價是由顧客和用戶們作出的，而且會受到可以向這些顧客和用戶出售同種產(chǎn)品的的競爭對手的影響。這個最終評價是基于產(chǎn)品的在整個使

84、用周期內(nèi)的表現(xiàn)作出的，而不是僅僅只根據(jù)起在購買時的性能做出的，認識這點很重要的。</p><p>　　盡管確定質(zhì)量控制等級的大部分工作是采用概率論和統(tǒng)計計算進行的應用適當?shù)暮途_的數(shù)據(jù)采集過程為這項工作提供也是非常重要的。提供錯誤的數(shù)據(jù)會使最好的統(tǒng)計工作程序變的毫無意義。與機械加工過程類似，采集檢驗數(shù)據(jù)本身也是一個具有精確性、準確度、分辨率和可重復性限度的過程。</p><p>　　為了獲

85、得最有效的改進成果，管理人員應該明白質(zhì)量與成本是互補的，而不是互相矛盾的。傳統(tǒng)上，對管理人員的建議是必須在質(zhì)量與成本之間做出選擇。這種方法被稱為折衷判斷。這是因為對于質(zhì)量好的產(chǎn)品，其成本必然要比較高，而且其生產(chǎn)難度也比較大。目前，全世界范圍內(nèi)的經(jīng)驗已經(jīng)表明，這是不正確的。高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品從根本上實現(xiàn)了資源的優(yōu)化利用，從而意味著高生產(chǎn)能力和底質(zhì)量成本。此外，被顧客們認為質(zhì)量高和在使用過程中性能可靠的產(chǎn)品，其銷售和市場占有率都會明顯高于同類產(chǎn)品

86、。</p><p>　　不幸地這一種定義已經(jīng)變得有關質(zhì)量的決定方面的聯(lián)合更多地超過設計所要求的標準。 這部份地是由于缺乏正式教育大多數(shù)的設計者，而且工程師在質(zhì)量工程方法學中接受。這也導致“順應-到-規(guī)格”達成的方式質(zhì)量的在客戶和更多方面上要少很多的焦點。不管是否達到產(chǎn)品的規(guī)定, 即使當對標準生產(chǎn)，實際上“適宜-為-使用”藉著客戶的需求，同時，仍然有質(zhì)量是一個可能改良的問題，很多的信念是質(zhì)量被稱為“黃金-種植”的產(chǎn)

87、品。</p><p>　　我們有一種質(zhì)量的現(xiàn)代定義：質(zhì)量反求成比例易變。注意，這一種定義暗示，如果在產(chǎn)品的重要特性中的易變減少，產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量增加。舉一個關于這種定義操作效力的一個例子，數(shù)年以前，這種易變在美國和一個日本供應者的聯(lián)合汽車公司被運行被制造那種傳輸是一項比較有意義的研究。</p><p>　　一項權(quán)威性的分析宣稱，修理費用指出在制造的二個來源之間有一種非常明顯的不同，藉著由日本人有

88、多降低費用生產(chǎn)的傳輸。當發(fā)現(xiàn)預定費用和實際使用的費用有這一種不同的因素研究的部份之時，公司選擇了任意的樣品，公司挑選的隨意來自每個增長的傳輸樣品,解開了他們，而且測量了一些緊要關頭的特性。</p><p>　　有二個明顯的問題這里，日本人為什么做這？他們?nèi)绾巫鲞@？減少易變直接地已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檩^低的費用。此外，建造傳輸?shù)娜毡救烁交淖兞她X輪，更安靜跑，而且通常被如家庭式地被建造的對那些來說的長者客戶感覺了。比較少的修

89、理和擔保宣稱方法比較少的重做和浪費時間，效果和錢的減少。因此，質(zhì)量真實地反的成比例易變。</p><p>　　日本人是為何做到這點的？在這本文中的答案根據(jù)他們的謊言描述的方法有：系統(tǒng)的和有效使用。</p><p><b>　　質(zhì)量的尺寸</b></p><p>　　產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量能被一些方法評估。資訊科技時常是非常重要區(qū)別質(zhì)量的這些不同尺寸。Gar

90、vin依下列各項提供八個成份的優(yōu)良討論或提供質(zhì)量的尺寸：</p><p>　　●表現(xiàn)--產(chǎn)品做有意的工作</p><p>　　●可信度--產(chǎn)品可用來服務</p><p>　　●耐久性--產(chǎn)品持續(xù)合理的時間</p><p>　　●服務能力--產(chǎn)品是容易修理服務</p><p>　　●美觀的--產(chǎn)品有可接受的外表</

91、p><p>　　●特征--產(chǎn)品有能力超過基本的表現(xiàn)</p><p>　　●質(zhì)量的感覺-產(chǎn)品&公司有好名譽；藉著客戶忠貞測量</p><p>　　●對標準的順應--產(chǎn)品和設計者意圖制造一致</p><p><b>　　質(zhì)量進步</b></p><p>　　質(zhì)量進步是程序和產(chǎn)品的容易變減少。程序表

92、現(xiàn)的過度易變時常造成廢物。舉例來說,考慮浪費錢，時間和與修理有關的努力。因此，一種代理人和高度有用的定義是那質(zhì)量進步是那廢品的減少。實現(xiàn)質(zhì)量進步：管理是非常必要的。</p><p>　　●評估質(zhì)量的尺寸；當他們屬于他們的生意目的的時候；</p><p>　　●戰(zhàn)略上有關質(zhì)量想；</p><p>　　●認識供應者在質(zhì)量管理策略的緊要關鍵的角色；</p>

93、<p>　　●認識每個人在組織中負責質(zhì)量；</p><p>　　●認識統(tǒng)計的質(zhì)量技術溝通兩者的問題&解決的控制；</p><p>　　●實現(xiàn)對他們的生意有效的質(zhì)量進步計畫；</p><p><b>　　●總質(zhì)量管理；</b></p><p>　　●質(zhì)量進步利益--生意生長；可提高的競爭；費用減少；減少了

94、產(chǎn)品責任；改良的生產(chǎn)力。</p><p><b>　　質(zhì)量工程用辭</b></p><p>　　每種產(chǎn)品持有若干的元素以共同地描述什么使用或消費想到如質(zhì)量。這些叁數(shù)時常被稱為質(zhì)量特性。</p><p>　　●質(zhì)量特性—自身檢查；有知覺的；時間定方位；能是‘屬性’或‘變數(shù)’。</p><p>　　●質(zhì)量工程學--組操作的，

95、管理的和用來保持那確定的工程活動一種產(chǎn)品的那一個質(zhì)量特性在標稱或必需的水平。</p><p><b>　　●申請測量易變。</b></p><p><b>　　產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量特性</b></p><p>　　●規(guī)格需要的測量，為特性評價，被可允許極限跳躍的價值，即上面的規(guī)格界限和較低的規(guī)格限制，在極限之外的價值被考慮非使一致，

96、因此，產(chǎn)品是有缺陷的。</p><p>　　●并發(fā)事件工程學--多訓練又以隊為基礎的方式設計。</p><p><b>　　質(zhì)量方法學的歷史</b></p><p>　　質(zhì)量總是已經(jīng)是一個整體的部份或事實上所有的產(chǎn)品和服務。然而，對它的重要和質(zhì)量的正式方法的介紹我們的注意控制和進步已經(jīng)是進化的發(fā)展。</p><p>&l

97、t;b>　　統(tǒng)計的方法</b></p><p>　　統(tǒng)計的程序控制:使用控制圖解在可接受的極限里面減少易變&維持對程序質(zhì)量的衡量，即，上面的控制限制并且降低控制界限。</p><p>　　統(tǒng)計的設計了實驗，使用發(fā)現(xiàn)主要變數(shù)重要影響力質(zhì)量特性；有系統(tǒng)地改變程序可管理的輸入因素決定在輸出產(chǎn)品叁數(shù)上的他們效果。</p><p>　　程序模型，取得

98、在輸入和程序的輸出變數(shù)之間的關系，統(tǒng)計的技術，像是復原或時間-系列也分析神經(jīng)的網(wǎng)絡技術，過去一直決定必需進入控制之內(nèi)把程序帶來回來的調(diào)整自然&大小。</p><p>　　接受抽取樣品，抽取樣品的單位檢驗&分類，隨意選擇，從為了決定運氣的性情產(chǎn)品的較大一屆，決定可能是接受、拒絕或重做運氣，強調(diào)對需求的順應達成的方式質(zhì)量控制。</p><p><b>　　制造業(yè)程序特

99、性</b></p><p>　　●隨意變化引起的藉著在操作員，原料，機器震動和環(huán)境的變化之中的易變通常無法控制的；視為程序；視為程序噪音；沒有特別的式樣傾向。</p><p><b>　　可分配的變化</b></p><p>　　●來自操作情況的常態(tài)例外，舉例來說，操作員的錯誤，有缺陷的原料，工具的失敗，機器的故障，能對特定的因素被

100、追蹤。</p><p>　　●機制程序能夠±0.002的余量在，舉例來說，沙子鑄件對于以機器制造的部份是使用過的通常有10到20倍的余量那些左右。</p><p><b>　　總質(zhì)量管理</b></p><p>　　總質(zhì)量管理是實現(xiàn)而且管理在組織-廣泛的基礎上的質(zhì)量進步活動的一個策略?？傎|(zhì)量管理在1981年代早期中開始，藉由如焦點的點

101、Deming和Juran哲學。資訊科技進入比較寬廣的范圍觀念和主意之內(nèi)進展，包括組織和工作文化，客戶反饋，供應者質(zhì)量進步，和生意目標的質(zhì)量系統(tǒng)的組合，和許多其他的活動在質(zhì)量進步目標的范圍集中所有組織的因素。典型地說，已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)總質(zhì)量管理組織達成的方式對質(zhì)量進步的質(zhì)量組織有質(zhì)量會議或高階層的隊交易由于策略的質(zhì)量率先，勞動力級的聯(lián)合的一組在常式制造或生意活動上是一個很手人關注的焦點和跨向特定的質(zhì)量進步議題有說服力的功能隊。</p>