1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目：外文題目：InnovativeRegionsClustersMilieux出處：處：InnovationSystemFrontiersAdvancesinSpatialScience20093358作者：者：BrianWixted原文：文：3.3TheGeographyofAgglomerationComparinghow(subnational)regionalstrengthsevo

2、lveacrosstimehasbeenverydifficultuntilquiterecentlyincomparisontoanalysingnationaldevelopmenttrendsduetodatalimitations.Thereisagrowingopptunityfimprovedanalysisofregionalactivitiesadvantagestrendsasnationalstatisticalag

3、enciesfocusmeoftheirefftoncollectingdataatvariousspatialscales.AcrosstheEuropeanUnionthereismulticountrystructuralpatternofunevenregionalbesOverman(2003)identifyastrongpatternofceperiphery5regions.Whenanalysedftheirproxi

4、mitytomarkets(GDPpercapita)regionsinWesternGermanyNthernFranceSouthEastEnglarerevealedastheconcentratedzoneofvalueadded(GDP)fEurope.TheauthsrevealthatbeyondthiscethereisagraduatedinGDPpercapitaasdistanceincreases.Inthese

5、EUeconomiesregionalincomeconvergedbetweencountriesintheperiod1980to1999butregionalincomedisparitieswithincountrieswidened(seeLeGalloDall’erba2003).InterestinglythedegreeofindustryconcentrationintheUSA(atstatelevel)Europe

6、’sregions6isnotsignificantlydifferentbutinEuropethetrendhasbeentowardsgreaterregionalconcentrationmerapidlythanintheUSA(seealuzetal.2002).Theunderlyingdriversofsuchtrendsarestillhotlydebated.Therearemanydistributionofthe

7、patentsishighlyconcentrated–‘21regionsoutof211accountedfmethanhalfofallthepatentapplicationsfiledwiththeEPOonly13regionsproducedmethanhalfofthehightechapplications’(Eurostat2002).InasimilarveinPaciUsai(2000)analysedinnov

8、ation(patentspermillioninhabitants)labourproductivityindustrialspecialisationin109regionsinEuropereptingthat:‘thereisatendencytowardsthefmationinEuropeofhighlyspecializedtechnologicalenclavesespeciallyinsomesects–machine

9、rytransptequipmentenergy.Meoverwehavedocumentedhowthespatialsectalspecializationofinnovativeproductiveactivitiesispositivelysignificantlycrelated’(p.108).Therefethereisalinkbetweenthedegreeofspecialisationinknowledgegene

10、rationseeninpatentapplicationsthepatternofindustryspecialisation.Howeverpatentingmaynotprovideagoodindicatofinnovativebehaviourbecauseafewurbancentresmaybethebasefthemajcpateresearchdevelopmentfacilitiesthusbethesitesfpa

11、tentinitiation.Thiswouldnotindicatewhetherinnovationisgeographicallyagglomerated.ByanalysingdatafromtheEuropeanCommunityInnovationSurveyonbusinessesthatidentifythemselvesasinnovatingidentifyingthembyregionEvangelistaetal

12、.(2002)revealthattherewereonlyalimitednumberofareasofItalywhichcouldbedescribedas‘regionalinnovationsystems’.BeaudryBreschiaddanimptantdimensiontothisfinding.Theyreptthatfirmsaremelikelytobeinnovativeiftheyarecolocatedwi

13、thotherinnovativefirmsinthe‘presenceofspilloversassociatedwithalargeaccumulatedstockofknowledge’(2003p.339).Theconverseisalsotrue–disadvantagesarisefromthe‘strongpresence’ofnoninnovativefirmsinacluster.BeaudryBreschifoun

14、dfItalybutnotftheUKthatthepresenceoffirmsinrelatedindustriesenhancedinnovativeness.Thusthereareeconomiestoinnovativenessinthatregionsthatareinnovativestimulatemeinnovativeactivity.Finallyconcentrationsofentrepreneurialin