1、UNIT1JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”JohnSnowwasafamousdoctinLondon—soexpert，indeed，thatheattendedQueenVictiaasherpersonalphysician.Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingdinarypeopleexposedtocholera.Thiswasthedeadlydis

2、easeofitsday.Neitheritscausenitscurewasunderstood.Somanythoussofterrifiedpeoplediedeverytimetherewasanoutbreak.JohnSnowwantedtofacethechallengesolvethisproblem.Heknewthatcholerawouldneverbecontrolleduntilitscausewasfound

3、.Hebecameinterestedintwotheiesthatpossiblyexplainedhowcholerakilledpeople.Thefirstsuggestedthatcholeramultipliedintheair.Acloudofdangerousgasfloatedarounduntilitfounditsvictims.Thesecondsuggestedthatpeopleabsbedthisdisea

4、seintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.Fromthestomachthediseasequicklyattackedthebodysoontheaffectedpersondied.JohnSnowsuspectedthatthesecondtheywascrectbutheneededevidence.SowhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854，hewasreadytobegin

5、hisenquiry.Asthediseasespreadquicklythroughponeighbourhoods，hebegantogatherinfmation.Intwoparticularstreets，thecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.Firsthemarkedonamapthe

6、exactplaceswhereallthedeadpeoplehadlived.Thisgavehimavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.ManyofthedeathswerenearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallynumbers16373840)Healsonoticedthatsomehouses(suchas2021BroadStreet89Cam

7、bridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Hehadnotfeseenthis，sohemadefurtherinvestigations.Hediscoveredthatthesepeoplewkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeersohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Itseemedthatthewaterwastobla

8、me.Next，JohnSnowlookedintothesourceofthewaterfthesetwostreets.HefoundthatitcamefromtheriverpollutedbythedirtywaterfromLondon.HeimmediatelytoldtheastonishedpeopleinBroadStreettoremovethehlefromthepumpsothatitcouldnotbeuse

9、d.Soonafterwardsthediseasesloweddown.Hehadshownthatcholerawasspreadbygermsnotinacloudofgas.InanotherpartofLondon，hefoundsupptingevidencefromtwootherdeathsthatwerelinkedtotheBroadStreetoutbreak.Awoman，whohadmovedawayfromB

10、roadStreet，likedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Bothsheherdaughterdiedofcholeraafterdrinkingthewater.WiththisextraevidenceJohnSnowwasabletoannouncewithcertaintythatpollutedwatercarriedthe

11、virus.Topreventthisfromhappeningagain，JohnSnowsuggestedthatthesourceofallthewatersuppliesbeexamined.Thewatercompanieswereinstructednottoexposepeopletopollutedcountries：Engl，Wales，ScotlNthernIrel.Youcanclarifythisquestion

12、ifyoustudyBritishhisty.FirsttherewasEngl.Waleswaslinkedtoitinthethirteenthcentury.NowwhenpeoplerefertoEnglyoufindWalesincludedaswell.NextEnglWaleswerejoinedtoScotlintheseventeenthcenturythenamewaschangedto“GreatBritain”H

13、appilythiswasaccomplishedwithoutconflictwhenKingJamesofScotlbecameKingofEnglWalesaswell.FinallytheEnglishgovernmenttriedintheearlytwentiethcenturytofmtheUnitedKingdombygettingIrelconnectedinthesamepeacefulway.However，the

14、southernpartofIrelwasunwillingbrokeawaytofmitsowngovernment.SoonlyNthernIreljoinedwithEngl，WalesScotltobecometheUnitedKingdomthiswasshowntothewldinanewflagcalledtheUnionJack.Totheircreditthefourcountriesdowktogetherinsom

15、eareas(eg，thecurrencyinternationalrelations)，buttheystillhaveverydifferentinstitutions.Fexample，NthernIrel，EnglScotlhavedifferenteducationallegalsystemsaswellasdifferentfootballteamsfcompetitionsliketheWldCup!Englisthela

16、rgestofthefourcountries，fconvenienceitisdividedroughlyintothreezones.ThezonenearestFranceiscalledtheSouthofEngl，thedlezoneiscalledthelstheonenearesttoScotlisknownastheNth.Youfindmostofthepopulationsettledinthesouth，butmo

17、stoftheindustrialcitiesinthelstheNthofEngl.Although，nationwide，thesecitiesarenotaslargeasthoseinChina，theyhavewldfamousfootballteamssomeofthemevenhavetwo！Itisapitythattheindustrialcitiesbuiltinthenieenthcenturydonotattra

18、ctvisits.FhisticalarchitectureyouhavetogotoolderbutsmallertownsbuiltbytheRomans.ThereyouwillfindoutmeaboutBritishhistyculture.ThegreatesthisticaltreasureofallisLondonwithitsmuseums，artcollections，theatres，parks，buildings

19、.Itisthecentreofnationalgovernmentitsadministration.IthastheoldestptbuiltbytheRomansinthefirstcenturyAD，theoldestbuildingbegunbytheAngloSaxonsinthe1060stheoldestcastleconstructedbylaterNmanrulersin1066.Therehavebeenfours

20、etsofinvadersofEngl.Thefirstinvaders，theRomans，lefttheirtownsroads.Thesecond，theAngloSaxons，lefttheirlanguagetheirgovernment.Thethird，theVikings，influencedthevocabularyplacenamesoftheNthofEngl，thefourth，theNmans，leftcast