1、小作文各圖寫作技巧,2,派圖介紹,單派雙派多派,3,派圖的寫作技巧,圖中找類別按類分段,4,派圖的重難點(diǎn),◎ 如何準(zhǔn)確把握?qǐng)D中的信息◎ 如何正確轉(zhuǎn)述圖中的信息◎ 如何靈活運(yùn)用詞匯、短語、句型，避免用詞單一、句式表達(dá)雷同◎ 如何精煉語言，避免贅述、啰嗦，避免給評(píng)卷人套模板的印象,5,2.13 派圖詞匯基礎(chǔ)之占據(jù),RepresentOccupy Stand for Account for,6,2.16 派圖的常用句型,◎“

2、占”：account for, hold, make up, take up, constitute, comprise, represent ...◎ 百分比：percentage，proportion, share ...◎“約”：the majority of, most of, a considerable number of, a minority of , just over…, slightly more than…/

3、less than…, nearly half… ◎ 確切數(shù)字 (1) 分?jǐn)?shù)與百分比的轉(zhuǎn)化：one third, two fifths (2) 常見表達(dá)：a quarter, a half ...,7,Eg1: 整體+局部,The following two pie charts illustrate the energy use in the U.S.A.Write a report for a universit

4、y lecturer describing the information given in the pie charts below.,8,,9,P1,The following two pie charts illustrate the energy use in the U.S.A.The two graphs describe the data of the energy use and the residential en

5、ergy use in detail in the United States.,10,P2,It can be seen from the first pie chart that the energy is used for four purposes. Specifically, industry accounts for the largest proportion (41%) of the used energy while

6、demand of transportation makes up 26% of the total need of energy. Residential and commercial represent 19% and 14% respectively.,11,P3,According to the second pie chart, it clearly shows that heating and air conditionin

7、g account for the largest proportion (62%) in the residential energy use while the small appliances makes up the least proportion (10%). The heating water and miscellaneous ( including cooking) constitutes 15% and 13% r

8、espectively.,12,P4,From the chart, we may have a basic understanding of the situation of energy use in the United States.,13,線圖審圖技巧,趨勢(shì)描述速度描述極點(diǎn)交點(diǎn)起點(diǎn)重點(diǎn)的描述,線圖的寫作技巧,趨勢(shì)描述多樣化,線圖解析,14,線圖的重難點(diǎn),交點(diǎn)難掌控 圖內(nèi)對(duì)比看不出,15,線圖的常用句型,先(上升/下降)

9、后(下降/上升)，之后便平穩(wěn) 對(duì)峰值和低谷的描述 趨勢(shì)相同描述 對(duì)未來的表述 對(duì)波動(dòng)的描述,16,先(上升/下降)后(下降/上升)，之后便平穩(wěn),1. According to the data , the years from …to…saw/witness a rise/climb/drop in the number/rate/percentage/proportion of 對(duì)象 from 數(shù)據(jù) to 數(shù)據(jù)，whi

10、ch was followed by a rapid decrease/reduce/increase over the ... years,17,2. The number/rate…dropped/went up again from…in XXX year to…in XXX year and then went up/climbed gradually until XXX year ,when there was a l

11、eveling off/leveling out at 數(shù)據(jù) for 一段時(shí)間,18,1. Also it can be noticed that in XXX year ,the number/percentage … reached the bottom . However/on the contrary, XXX year saw the peak during this period. 2. ……

12、時(shí)間點(diǎn) ，when the number/percentage reached (amounted to) to a peak of… / a high point at …3. ……時(shí)間點(diǎn),when the number/percentage bottomed out (at…),對(duì)峰值和低谷的描述,19,The proportion/number of 對(duì)象 in the xx and xx are

13、 similar and follow the same trend. In XX the figures were xx% and xx% respectively, rising to xx% and xx% respectively in XXX ,after dipping to xx% and xx% respectively in XXX. Thereafter ...,趨勢(shì)相同描述,20,對(duì)未來的表述,…is proj

14、ected to…… as to…is expected to…… as for…is forecasted to …… …is estimated to…,21,對(duì)波動(dòng)的描述,as can be seen from the graph, the two curves show the fluctuation of… ……fluctuated dramatically between xx% and xx% during …pe

15、riod.,22,柱圖審圖技巧,◎ 關(guān)鍵是“比較”&“對(duì)比” ——找出similarity & difference既要橫向總結(jié)所有柱狀圖的共性特征，又要分別描寫各個(gè)柱形的個(gè)性特征,23,柱圖的寫作技巧,◎ 單柱如果是以時(shí)間為橫軸的話，就寫一下趨勢(shì)如果是以組為橫軸，則直接寫。 ◎ 多柱如果數(shù)據(jù)比較多，就取幾個(gè)最大或者最小的就行，也就是說在比較的過程中想要拿到想要的結(jié)果就要找對(duì)比鮮明的那一對(duì)。把對(duì)比

16、最鮮明的幾個(gè)柱子描述清楚，其他的可以一帶而過。,24,柱形圖的常用句型,The bar chart illustrates that... According to the bar chart, ...From the bar chart, we can see clearly that...It is clear/apparent from the chart that...The bar chart depicts 描述(t

17、hat).... the bar chart leads us to the conclusion結(jié)論 that...,25,,The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1960, 1980 and 2000.,26,P1,The graph below s

18、hows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1960, 1980 and 2000. 題目The bar graph shows the changing patterns in commuting by train, car, tube or bus for commuters in on

19、e European city in the years 1960, 1980 and 2000.,27,P2,The number of people using trains at first rose from just under 20% in 1960 to about 26% in 1980, but then fell back to about 23% in 2000.,28,P3,Use of the tube was

20、 relatively stable, falling from around 27% of commuters in 1960 to 22% in 1980, but climbing back to reach 25% by 2000.,29,P4,On the other hand, the use of cars increased steadily from just over 5% in 1960 to 23% in 198

21、0, reaching almost 40% by 2000, whereas the popularity of buses has declined since 1960, falling from just under 35% in 1960 to 27% in 1980 and only 15% in 2000.,30,P5,The graph indicates the growing use of cars for comm

22、uting to work between 1960 - 2000, and the continued decline in the popularity of buses from being the most popular mode of transport in 1960 to the least popular in 2000.,31,表格圖審圖技巧,1. 有時(shí)間因素表格： 按照時(shí)間順序，轉(zhuǎn)化為更為明了的線圖2.

23、 有地域因素表格： 注意橫向比較，并根據(jù)數(shù)值大小對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分類，再抽取較大或較小的典型值進(jìn)行說明3. 包含其他因素的表格： 分別觀察各標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在圖表中呈現(xiàn)的特征，然后分別說明,32,表格圖的寫作技巧,1. 快速瀏覽題目中的文字信息，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注研究對(duì)象、數(shù)據(jù)類型和時(shí)間，明確在主體段的寫作中要注意數(shù)據(jù)類型的變化和時(shí)態(tài)一致問題2. 看題目中的表格圖形，看圖形時(shí)也要先看文字說明，包括標(biāo)題、標(biāo)注和單位，弄懂?dāng)?shù)據(jù)所代表的信息，而非

24、數(shù)據(jù)本身篩選信息，圈定關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)整理寫作順序,33,表格圖的重難點(diǎn),1. 數(shù)據(jù)繁多而且凌亂，找不出很明顯的特征2. 如何用適當(dāng)?shù)捻樞?、結(jié)構(gòu)和銜接方式把表格中體現(xiàn)的特征條理清晰地傳達(dá)出來3. 寫的時(shí)候如何不遺漏信息,34,,,,,,,,,35,P1,The table demonstrates the data regarding the subway system in six cities, including date opene

25、d, kilometers of route and passengers per year (in millions),36,P2,In terms of date opened, London has the most time-honored (1863) subway system among the six cities while subway system in Los Angeles is the newest one

26、opened in 2001. （最老，最新）Systems in Paris and Tokyo are opened in 1900 and 1927, respectively. 時(shí)間順序After that, systems in Washington DC and Kyoto are opened in 1976 and 1981 differently.,37,As for the size of the railway

27、 system, London still ranks the first, meaning it has the longest subway system (384 kilometers) among the six cities, which is roughly twice as large as the system in Paris. （最長(zhǎng)）By contrast, subway system in Kyoto is sh

28、orter (11 kilometers) than the others even though it opened in relatively recent year.（最短）The kilometers of route in Tokyo, Washington DC and Los Angeles are 155, 126 and 28 differently.,38,The third part is passengers

29、per year in millions. More exactly, the top three are Tokyo (1927), Paris (1191) and London (775). Underground railway system in Washington DC’s has 144 millions passengers per year. Systems in Los Angeles’s and Kyoto

30、’s carry fewer passengers per year (50 and 45, respectively).,39,Thus, it can be clearly seen from the table that the subway systems in Tokyo and Paris serves for more passengers whereas the systems in Los Angeles and Ky

31、oto carry fewer passengers mainly because of the short route.,40,對(duì)于不同時(shí)間同一事物的比較,先相減/相加，后分組哪些是增加，哪些是減少幅度大的與幅度小的分組,41,The table below gives information about changes in modes of travel in England between 1985 and 2000.

32、劍6 P52,42,增加的 Car, Long distance bus, Train, Taxi幅度大的 Car +1607減少的 Walking, Bicycle, Local bus幅度大的 Local bus -155,43,P1,The table demonstrates how different modes of travel changed in England in 15 years spann

33、ing from 1985 to 2000. In general, the modes are classified into two kinds in terms of average miles travelled per person per year: one enjoyed rising popularity while the other decreasing.,44,P2,The travel modes which

34、 gained popularity in the period included cars, long distance buses, trains, taxis and others. Cars remained top among the modes in the 15 years, with its average miles increasing considerably from 3,199 in 1985 to 4,80

35、6 in 2000. Long distance buses and taxis seemed to be warmly welcomed by travelers, so average miles travelled in the two modes almost tripled,45,P3,Travels by walking, bicycles and local buses lost travelers’ favor in

36、the one and a half decade.Average travelling distance by local buses suffered the biggest decrease, dropping from 429 to 274, while the number of miles by walking and bikes fell mildly from 255 to 237 and from 51 to 41 r

37、espectively.,46,P4,Overall, the number of miles travelled by the average per person rose from 4,740 miles in 1985 to 6,475 miles in 2000, with the increase of cars accounting for almost all of that increase.,47,流程圖審圖技巧,流

38、程圖的本質(zhì)其實(shí)就是要求考生將圖中出現(xiàn)的文字信息用連貫的語言串起來，不需要過多地發(fā)揮。,48,流程圖的寫作技巧,1. 時(shí)態(tài)相對(duì)單一，主要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)2. 經(jīng)常使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，顯得比較客觀和正式3. 找出流程圖的始末點(diǎn)，并劃分中間的步驟或階段4. 掌握表示“順序”的連接詞(Sequencing Words)，用來說明過程的各個(gè)步驟和先后順序5. 對(duì)于題目里出現(xiàn)的專業(yè)詞匯或生詞，不認(rèn)識(shí)也沒關(guān)系，只需照抄即可,49,流程圖的重難點(diǎn),1.

39、語言組織2. 邏輯順序3. 是否如實(shí)反應(yīng)圖中的信息,50,流程圖的常用單詞,過程：process、procedure階段/步驟：stage、step連接詞：1. 第一步：at first、to begin with、in the first stage2. 下一步：then、next、the second stage3. 最后：finally、lastly、the final stage4. 平行步驟：meanwhile

40、、at the same time,51,流程圖的常用句型,◎ The following diagraph shows the structure of…… ◎ The picture illustrates…… ◎ It mainly consists of…… ◎ It works as follows:◎ It usually involves following steps: ◎ The whole procedur

41、e can be divided into…stages.,52,First Stages,The process starts from…The process begins with….In terms of…., the first stage is that….At the beginning of the cycle, The beginning of the whole cycle is marked by,53,S

42、tages,At this point; then; in the next step; after that; afterwardsThe second stage is…… The next step in the process is……,54,End Stages,In the final stageThe final procedure/ step of this process is…This marks the e

43、nd of the process and the beginning of a new one… is the last step in the procedure.,55,Lasting time,The stage lasts for 30 minutes until…After a period of 30 minutes,…It takes 10 days for X to …After a period ofBe

44、fore…, it takes 30 minutes to …30 minutes have to be spent on this process before…,56,劍6P75,57,,,,,,58,P1,The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silk worm.First of all, eggs are prod

45、uced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. After a

46、 period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again.,59,P2,The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth. Once selected, they are b

47、oiled in water and the threads can be separated in the unwinding stage. Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage,

48、60,P3,Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process.,61,The map indicate the recycling process of glass bottles,62,P1,This diagram illust

49、rates the recycling process of glass bottles. The whole process is a cycle which can be divided into three main stages.,63,P2,In the first stage, used bottles are collected at a recycling point and transported by a truc

50、k. The second stage starts in a cleaning plant, where these recycled bottles are sorted by color into green, brown and clear ones and washed by high-pressurised water. When the cleaning is done, the bottles are conveye

51、d to a glass factory where they are cut into glass pieces which are then poured into a furnace. 30,64,P3,After being heated in the furnace, the broken glasses are melted into liquid, which flows into a glass mold. In th

52、e final stage, new, empty bottles are filled with liquid, then packed and despatched to the supermarket and picked by consumers. At this point, a cycle has been completed and a new cycle will begin.,65,地圖審圖技巧,注意結(jié)合地圖中體現(xiàn)的

53、細(xì)節(jié)信息，進(jìn)行相互比較與對(duì)比，并體現(xiàn)對(duì)比結(jié)果。,66,地圖的寫作技巧,注意“變化”（1）圖形原有事物的改變（2）圖形新添事物,67,地圖的重難點(diǎn),1. 時(shí)態(tài)：通常為一般過去時(shí)2. 細(xì)節(jié)變化：地圖每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)變化都要提到，不能忽略3. 語態(tài)：通常為被動(dòng)語態(tài)4. 書寫順序：時(shí)間順序&空間順序,68,地圖的常用單詞,方位：in the east/ west/ south/ north of … ; in the eastern/

54、 western/ southern northern part of … 建設(shè)：build, construct（一般建筑物），erect豎立（高大的建筑物），establish / set up（無建筑的物體或抽象的機(jī)構(gòu)），pave（道路的修建）,69,地圖的常用句型,◎ It is obvious/notable/noticeable that...◎ It is easy to locate/to find that…

55、◎ It can be seen from the graph that…◎ A is located/situated/sited in/on/to the east of B. ◎ A is in center/middle/central area of B◎ A is near /next to/close to/adjacent to B.◎ A is on the opposite side of B.,70,Lo

56、cation,A lies……Shanghai lies in the east of ChinaJapan lies to the east of ChinaMongolia lies on the north side of ChinaA is located……A is next to/ near/ close to BA is at the east/ west/ north/ south of BA is r

57、ight across from BThe road runs from …to…,71,Draw by yourself,The playground is roughly in the middle of the residential zone.The bank is in the Northwest corner of the residential zone.Houses are at the bottom of the

58、 residential zone.The motorcyclist is outside the residential zone.The barber’s is opposite to the bankThe supermarket is halfway between the bank and the barber’s.The supermarket is directly opposite to the stop.A

59、local bus is to the right of the station,72,劍5P75,The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned for the town. The map shows two possible sites for supermarket.選址型,73,northwest,countryside,F

60、ewer customer,Low rent,Train, bus,centre,downtown,CBD, residential, industry,shoppers,rent,traffic,Satellite cities,74,P1,The map shows two proposed locations for a new supermarket for the town of Garlsdon,75,P2,The firs

61、t potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is locatedd just off the main road to the town of Hindon, lying 12 kms to the north-west. This site is in the countryside and so it would be able to accommodate

62、a lot of car parking, which makes it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car.,76,P2,As it is also close to the railway line linking the two towns to Cransdon (25 km to the south-east)

63、, a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train.Generally speaking, the rent is relatively lower in countryside, so it will save some expending.,77,P3,In contrast, the suggested location,

64、S2, is right in the town centre, which would be good for local residents. Theorically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding towns, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, cars would be u

65、nable to park and access would be difficult.,78,P4,Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but the out-of-town site (S1) would probably offer more advantages and more reasonable .,79,Chorleywood is a vill

66、age near London whose population has increased steadily since the middle of the nineteenth century. The map below shows the development of the village. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the development

67、 of the village.發(fā)展型,80,81,82,83,84,85,P1,The map shows the changes and development of Chorleywood village in Great Britain over a period of 126 years from 1868 to 1994.,86,P2,Chronologically,按年代順序排列的 during the first 15

68、 years from 1868 to 1883, Chorleywood was merely a very small village with one main road to its west.,87,P2,From 1883 to 1922, we see that the village expanded to south, almost tripled the original scale. Besides, a rai