1、外文翻譯whendoesMarginalcostpricingleadtoParetoEfficiencyMaterialSource:SpringerVerlagAuth:EgbertDierkerThebasicdifficultyinthecourseofthiswkhasbeenthatoffindingoutinwhichtermsrelevantcriteriafthewellfunctioningofthemarginal

2、costpricingrulearetobefmulated.Fthatpurposetoimproveourintuitionwefirststudyindetailparticularlysimpleclassofexampleswiththeaidofthetheyofpublicgoods.Thestartingpointhereisthewidespreadideathatdecreasingcostphenomenacanb

3、eassociatedwithpublicgoods.Althoughthisideaisintuitivelyplausiblealthoughthetheyofpublicgoodshasexperiencedarapiddevelopmentinthelastdecadeswehavenotfoundafmalanalysisofdecreasingcostphenomenausingthetheyofpublicgoodsint

4、heliterature.Therefewedevelopamodelinwhichwetransfmincreasingreturnstoscaletechnologyinvolvingtwoprivategoodsoneinputwhichservesasnumoneoutputintoaconvextechnologyinvolvingtwoprivategoodsanadditionalpublicgood.Thepublicg

5、oodrepresentsahinvestmentintermsoffixedcostshigherfixedcostsameproductivemachineryleadingtolowerunitcosts.Theconsumershaveacommoninterestintheproductivityofthemachinerysinceareductionofunitcostsisreflectedbyareductionofp

6、ricesinotherwdsbyanimprovedpurchasingpowerofthenumcommoditywithwhichconsumersareendowed.TheefficiencyofallocationsineconomieswithpublicgoodshasbeenstudiedamongotherthingsinLindahlthey[seeMilleron(1972)fasurvey].Inparticu

7、larthefundamentaltheemofwelfareeconomicshasbeenestablishedfeconomieswithpublicgoods.Theanalogofacompetitiveequilib?inaneconomy44E.Dierker:withpublicgoodsisaLindahlequilibrium.EveryLindahlequilibriumisParetoefficientunder

8、convexityassumptionseveryParetoefficientallocationisaLindahlequilibriumirendowmentsaresuitablydistributed.AwellknownnecessaryconditionfParetooptimalityineconomieswithpublicgoodsisSamuelsonsconditionwhichsaysthatthesumoft

9、heindividualratesofsubstitutionbetweenapublicaprivategoodmustyieldthemarginalrateoftransfmationbetweenthesegoods.Weshallseeinsection2thatamarginalanadditionalcomponenttoindicatewhatactuallyistheequivalentofthevalueoftheo

10、utputcommodityintermsofthenum?commodity.Thatistosaythefixedcostcomponentisneededindertomakesurethatnoinfmationislostwhenpassingfromquantitiestovaluessincequantitiescanberetrieved.Secondindertoobtainatechnologywithnonincr

11、easingreturnstoscaleinthepublicgoodmodeltheiginaltechnologyinthemodelwithonlyprivategoodshastohavearatherregularshape.Requirementsontheshapeofthetechnologyarequitenaturalwhenonewantstoapplymarginalcostpricingasiswellunde

12、rstoodbypractitionerswhoadvocatethatsomeversionofaveragemarginalcostbeusedinsteadoftheperhapsrathererraticallybehavingprecisemarginalcost.Quitegenerallyonecannotexpecttoachieveaglobalaimsuchasefficiencyonthebasisofanirre

13、gularlocaldatumfinstancemarginalcosts.Therefewhenadoptingaglobalviewonehastosmoothenoutirregularitiesoftheproductionset.Ourglobalassumptionontheshapeofthetechnologyadmitsscaleelasticitieswhichdecreasewiththelevelofproduc

14、tion.Thiscaseiseconomicallyappealingsincetheadvantagesoflargerproductionlevelstendtopeteroutwhentheproductionlevelbecomeshighenough.Iragiventechnologydoesnotexhibitconstantfallingscaleelasticitiesbutisratherirregularwesu

15、ggestthatitbeapproximatedbyawellbehavedtechnologybefemarginalcostpricesatedetermined.Furthermeaboundfthesizeoftheresultinginefficiencyshouldbecomputedintermsofthedifferencebetweentheactuallygiventheapproximatingtechnolog

16、y.Thisapproximationisnottreatedinthispaperirregularitiessimplybeingassumedaway.Thirdevenifthetechnologyexhibitsawellbehavednonconvexityirdependsonaggregateconsumptionwhethermarginalcostpricingequilibriaareefficientofnot.

17、Theroleofaggregatecompensateddemhasbeenemphasizedfp?underacost46E.Dierker:revenueconstraintbutithasnottoourknowledgebeenmuchdiscussedinthecontextofmarginalcostpricing.WewouldIiketopointoutthoughthatM.Quinzii(1982)makeses

18、sentialuseoftheconceptofaggregatecompensateddeminherwkaboutthenonemptinessoftheceofaproductioneconomywithincreasingreturnsz.Althoughsheisnotconcernedwithmarginalcostpricingthebasicdifficultyinherproblemiscloselyrelatedto

19、theonehere.IndeedthecrucialconditionshegivesfthenonemptinessoftheceisverysimilartotheoneweshallgivebelowftheParetoefficiencyofmarginalcostpricingequilibria[seeQuinzii(1982)theem10inamegeneralcontextQuinziiIchiishi(1983).